| 000 | 13572cam a22003377a 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 999 |
_c34829 _d34829 |
||
| 003 | CUTN | ||
| 005 | 20210426120011.0 | ||
| 008 | 070901s2007 enkab b 001 0 eng d | ||
| 020 | _a9780521864800 (hbk.) | ||
| 020 | _a0521864801 (hbk.) | ||
| 041 | _aEnglish | ||
| 042 | _alccopycat | ||
| 082 | 0 | 4 |
_a581.7 _222 _bKED |
| 100 | 1 | _aKeddy, Paul A., | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 |
_aPlants and vegetation _borigins, processes, consequences _cPaul A. Keddy. |
| 260 |
_aCambridge ; _aNew York : _bCambridge University Press, _c2007. |
||
| 300 |
_axxi, 683 p. : _bill., maps ; _c26 cm. |
||
| 505 | _aHalf-title Title Copyright Epigraph Contents Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Plants and the origin of the biosphere 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Energy flow and photosynthesis 1.3 Membranes 1.4 Eukaryotic cells 1.5 The origin of photosynthesis 1.6 The oxygen revolution 1.6.1 Changes in ocean chemistry 1.6.2 Changes in the composition of the atmosphere 1.6.3 Formation of the ozone layer 1.7 The Cambrian explosion of multicellular life 1.8 Colonizing the land 1.9 Plants and climate 1.10 Sediment and ice cores: reconstructing past climates 1.11 Conclusion Further reading Chapter 2 Description of vegetation: the search for global patterns 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Phylogenetic perspectives 2.2.1 Early plant classification: Linnaeus, Bentham, Hooker 2.2.2 The discovery of evolution: Wallace, Darwin, Bessey 2.2.3 Molecular systematics and phylogeny 2.2.4 The two largest families of plants: Asteraceae and Orchidaceae 2.2.5 World floristic regions: phylogeny and geography 2.2.6 Summary and limitations 2.3 Functional perspectives 2.3.1 von Humboldt, Raunkiaer, Küchler 2.3.2 The classification of climate 2.3.3 Limitations 2.4 Conclusion Further reading Chapter 3 Resources 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 The CHNOPS perspective 3.1.2 The costs of acquisition 3.2 Carbon dioxide: foraging in an atmospheric reservoir 3.3 Light and photosynthesis: harvesting photons 3.3.1 Three measures of photon harvest 3.3.2 Architecture and photon harvesting 3.3.3 Different photosynthetic types 3.3.4 An exception to the rule: root uptake of CO2 3.3.5 Another view of photosynthetic types 3.3.6 The overriding importance of height 3.3.7 Ecosystem effects: net primary production changes with plant size 3.4 Below-ground resources 3.4.1 Water 3.4.2 Mineral nutrients: a single cell perspective 3.4.3 Phosphorus 3.4.4 Nitrogen 3.4.5 Experimental tests for nitrogen and phosphorus limitation 3.4.6 Other sources of evidence for nutrient limitation 3.5 Changing availability of resources in space and time 3.5.1 Small scale heterogeneity 3.5.2 Resource gradients 3.5.3 Resources in transitory patches 3.6 Resources as a habitat template for plant populations 3.7 Resource fluctuations complicate short-term ecological studies 3.8 Chronic scarcity of resources and conservation 3.8.1 Limitation by scarce resources Epiphytes Succulents Carnivorous plants Parasites 3.8.2 Conservation of scarce resources 3.9 Soils 3.10 Two historical digressions 3.11 Humans and soil resources 3.12 Conclusion Further reading Chapter 4 Stress 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Definitions 4.1.2 More on terminology 4.2 Some general consequences of stress 4.2.1 Short-term effects: stress has metabolic costs Grasses along a resource gradient Wetland plants along a resource gradient 4.2.2 The costs of adaptation to stress 4.2.3 Growth rate 4.2.4 Seed size 4.2.5 Clonal integration 1. The Aphid-rotifer model 2. The strawberry-coral model 3. The elm-oyster model 4.3 Habitats with drought as the predominant stress 4.3.1 Deserts 4.3.2 Mediterranean shrublands 4.3.3 Rock barrens 4.3.4 Coniferous forests 4.4 Unavailability of resources 4.5 Presence of a regulator 4.5.1 Salinity 4.5.2 Cold environments: arctic and alpine examples 4.5.3 Early spring photosynthesis in temperate climates 4.6 Extreme cases of stress tolerance 4.6.1 Cold and drought tolerance of lichens 4.6.2 Endolithic communities 4.6.3 Flood tolerance 4.7 The smoking hills: a natural occurrence of stress from air pollution 4.8 Effects of ionizing radiation upon mixed forest 4.9 Moisture and temperature at different scales 4.10 Conclusion Further reading Chapter 5 Competition 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 The importance of competition 5.1.2 Definition of competition 5.1.3 Stress, strain, and the costs of competition 5.2 Kinds of competition 5.2.1 Intraspecific competition 5.2.2 Distinguishing between intraspecific and interspecific competition 5.2.3 Competition intensity 5.2.4 Competitive effect and competitive response 5.2.5 Competitive dominance 5.3 More examples of competition 5.3.1 Self-thinning 5.3.2 Dominance patterns in monocultures 5.3.3 Density dependence in annual plants 5.3.4 The relationship between intensity and asymmetry of competition 5.4 Competitive hierarchies 5.4.1 Establishing hierarchies 5.4.2 The consistency of hierarchies 5.4.3 Light and shoot size 5.4.4 Foraging for patches of light or soil nutrients 5.5 Mycorrhizae and competition 5.6 Competition gradients 5.6.1 Measuring competition intensity 5.6.2 Competition intensity gradients in an old field 5.6.3 Competition and cacti 5.6.4 Competition intensity along a soil depth gradient 5.6.5 Competition intensity gradients in wetlands 5.6.6 Competition along an altitudinal gradient 5.7 Conclusion Further reading Chapter 6 Disturbance 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Four properties of disturbance 6.2.1 Duration 6.2.2 Intensity 6.2.3 Frequency 6.2.4 Area 6.3 Examples of disturbance 6.3.1 Fire 6.3.2 Erosion 6.3.3 Animals Beaver ponds Alligator holes 6.3.4 Burial 6.3.5 Ice 6.3.6 Waves 6.3.7 Storms 6.4 Catastrophes: low frequency and high intensity 6.4.1 Landslides 6.4.2 Volcanic eruptions 6.4.3 Meteor impacts 6.5 Measuring the effects of disturbance 6.5.1 The Hubbard Brook study of forested watersheds 6.5.2 Ottawa River marshes 6.6 Disturbance and gap dynamics 6.6.1 Regeneration from buried seeds after disturbance 6.6.2 Gap regeneration in deciduous forests 6.6.3 Alluvial deposition 6.6.4 Freshwater marshes 6.7 Synthesis: fire, flooding, and sea level in the Everglades 6.8 Competition, disturbance, and stress: the CSR synthesis 6.9 Conclusion Further reading Chapter 7 Herbivory 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Field observations on wildlife diets 7.2.1 Herbivores in African grasslands 7.2.2 Herbivorous insects in tropical forest canopies 7.2.3 Giant tortoises on islands 7.2.4 Herbivory in anthropogenic landscapes 7.3 Plant defenses 7.3.1 Evolutionary context 7.3.2 Structures that protect seeds: strobili and squirrels 7.3.3 Secondary metabolites that protect foliage 7.3.4 Two cautions when interpreting anti-herbivore traits 7.3.5 Food quality and nitrogen content 7.3.6 Coevolutiona brief preview 7.4 Field experiments 7.4.1 Herbivorous insects in deciduous forest canopies 7.4.2 Land crabs in tropical forest 7.4.3 Herbivores in grassland: the Cape Province, the Pampas, and the Serengeti 7.4.4 Effects of rhinoceroses in tropical floodplain forest 7.4.5 Large mammals in deciduous forest 7.4.6 Effects of an introduced species: nutria 7.5 Empirical relationships 7.6 Some theoretical context 7.6.1 Top-down or bottom-up? 7.6.2 Effects of selective herbivory on plant diversity 7.6.3 A simple model of herbivory 7.6.4 Extensions of herbivory models 7.7 Conclusion Further reading Chapter 8 Positive interactions: mutualism, commensalism, and symbiosis 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Definitions 8.1.2 History 8.2 Positive interactions between plants and plants 8.2.1 Nurse plants 8.2.2 Stress gradients and competition 8.2.3 More cases of co-operation 8.2.4 Summary 8.3 Positive interactions between fungi and plants 8.3.1 Ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae 8.3.2 Ectomycorrhizae and forests 8.3.3 Mycorrhizae in wetlands 8.3.4 Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal associations 8.3.5 Lichens 8.4 Positive interactions between plants and animals 8.4.1 Animals and flowers Mutual benefits of pollination Pollination ecology founded by Sprengel and Darwin Fly pollination: parasitism or mutualism? 8.4.2 Animals and seed dispersal Cakile edentula Tapirs Bats and fruits Myrmecochory Rodents and mast Quantitative studies of the fates of seeds Coevolution of Sideroxylon and the dodo: a cautionary tale 8.4.3 The costs of sexual reproduction 8.4.4 Experimental tests of the value of sexuality Are there measurable advantages to out-crossing? Are pollinators efficient? Life without sex How many seeds will a plant produce? And why? 8.4.5 Animals defending plants 8.4.6 Microbes in animal guts The degradation of cellulose by micro-organisms Foregut fermentation, including ruminants Hindgut fermentation 8.5 Mathematical models of mutualism 8.5.1 Population dynamics models 8.5.2 Cost-benefit models 8.6 Mutualism and apparent competition 8.7 Conclusion 1. The search for nature nuggets 2. The confusion between mutualism and divine order 3. The failure to measure Further reading Chapter 9 Time 9.1 Introduction 9.2 >106 years: the origin of the angiosperms and continental drift 9.2.1 Temperate evergreen forests 9.2.2 Deserts 9.2.3 Tropical floras 9.3 >104 years: the Pleistocene glaciations 9.3.1 Erosion and deposition by glacial ice 9.3.2 Loess 9.3.3 Pluvial lakes 9.3.4 Drought and tropical forests 9.3.5 Sea level decrease 9.3.6 Migration 9.3.7 Hominids 9.3.8 Flooding 9.4 >102 years: Plant glaciations 9.4.1 Succession 9.4.2 Examples of succession Succession after the retreat of glaciers: deglaciated valleys Succession in peat bogs Succession on sand dunes Succession and fire in coniferous forests Succession, fire and vital traits in Tasmanian rain forests 9.4.3 Predictive models for plant succession 9.4.4 Synthesis 9.5 Conclusion Further reading Chapter 10 Gradients and plant communities: description at local scales 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Describing pattern along obvious natural gradients 10.3 Multivariate methods for pattern detection 10.3.1 The data matrix 10.3.2 Measuring similarity Presence/absence data Abundance data 10.3.3 Ordination techniques 10.3.4 Ordinations based upon species data 10.3.5 Ordinations combining species and environmental data 10.3.6 Functional simplification in ordination 10.4 Vegetation classification 10.4.1 Phytosociology 10.4.2 Classification and land management 10.5 Gradients and communities 10.5.1 Clements and Gleason 10.5.2 The temporary victory of the Gleasonian view 10.5.3 Null models and patterns along gradients 10.6 Empirical studies of pattern along gradients 10.7 Conclusion Further reading Chapter 11 Diversity 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Large areas have more plant species 11.3 Areas with more kinds of habitat have more species 11.4 Equatorial areas have more species 11.5 Some evolutionary context 11.5.1 Four key events 11.5.2 Some characteristics of angiosperms 11.5.3 Physiological constraints on diversity are likely additive 11.6 Examples of plant species diversity 11.6.1 Mediterranean climate regions 11.6.2 Carnivorous plants 11.6.3 Deciduous forests 11.6.4 Diversity, biogeography, and the concept of endemism 11.7 Models to describe species diversity at smaller scales 11.7.1 Intermediate biomass 11.7.2 Competitive hierarchies 11.7.3 Intermediate disturbance 11.7.4 Centrifugal organization 11.8 Relative abundance – dominance, diversity, and evenness 11.9 Laboratory experiments on richness and diversity 11.10 Field experiments on richness and diversity 11.11 Implications for conservation 11.12 Conclusion Further reading Chapter 12 Conservation and management 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Some historical context 12.2.1 Ancient Assyria 12.2.2 Deforestation in Ancient Rome and the Mediterranean 12.3 Vegetation types at risk 12.3.1 The destruction of Louisiana’s alluvial forests Humans and the Louisiana environment Sugar cane and cotton Cypress swamps 12.3.2 Islands: Easter Island and the Galapagos 12.3.3 Boreal forests 12.4 Protection of representative vegetation types 12.4.1 Designing reserve systems 12.4.2 Hot spots of biological diversity 12.4.3 Primary forests 12.4.4 Large wetlands 12.4.5 New discoveries of species in the Guyana highlands 12.4.6 Economic growth, human welfare, and wilderness 12.5 Fragmentation of natural landscapes 12.5.1 Fens in agricultural landscapes 12.5.2 Deciduous forests in agricultural landscapes 12.5.3 How much is enough? 12.6 Function, management, and thresholds 12.6.1 Two perspectives 12.6.2 Plant communities are dynamic 12.6.3 Ecological footprints for human cities 12.6.4 Thresholds 12.7 Restoration 12.8 Indicators 12.9 Conclusion Further reading Questions for review 25 review questions, final exam questions, or assignments References Index | ||
| 650 | 0 | _aPlant ecology. | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | _uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0803/2007279819-b.html |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | _uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0803/2007279819-d.html |
| 856 | 4 | 1 | _uhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0803/2007279819-t.html |
| 942 |
_2ddc _cBOOKS |
||
| 100 | 1 | _d1953- | |
| 504 | _aIncludes bibliographical references (p. [612]-666) and index. | ||
| 856 | 4 | 2 | _3Contributor biographical information |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | _3Publisher description |
| 856 | 4 | 1 | _3Table of contents only |
| 906 |
_a7 _bcbc _ccopycat _d2 _encip _f20 _gy-gencatlg |
||