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020			_a9780878932948
041			_aEnglish
082			_223 _a581.7 _bGUR
100			_a Gurevitch, Jessica.
245			_aThe ecology of plants / _cJessica Gurevitch, Samuel M. Scheiner, & Gordon A. Fox.
250			_aSECOND EDITION
260			_a Sunderland, Mass : _bSinauer Associates, _c2006.
300			_a xvii, 574 pages : _billustrations (chiefly color), color maps ; _c28 cm.
500			_aNow in full color, this thoroughly revised and updated second edition of The Ecology of Plants incorporates many new illustrations and hundreds of new references. The text covers a range of topics that you might find in a general ecology textbook, but with the focus on the interactions between plants and their environment over a range of scales. Some of the subjects covered are unique to plants, such as photosynthesis and the ecology of plant--soil interactions; other topics, such as resource and mate acquisition, emphasize the distinctive ways plants (in contrast to mobile animals) deal with their environments. The book is unusual in emphasizing the importance of evolutionary and other historical processes for current ecology. Throughout the text, human environmental influences are discussed. While the book is written for an undergraduate college course in plant ecology, the engaging style, thorough coverage of the field, and contemporary perspective make it accessible and useful to others as well, from graduate students in conservation biology to evolutionary biologists and resource managers. For Instructors Instructor's Resource CD: This resource includes all the textbook's figures, photographs, and tables, available as JPEGs (high- and low-resolution) and in PowerPoint.
505			_aTABLE OF CONTENTS _tFront Matter Copyright Page Dedication Brief Contents Contents Preface Chapter 1 The Science of Plant Ecology Ecology as a Science The Genesis of Scientific Knowledge Objectivity, Subjectivity, Choice, and Chance in Scientific Research Experiments: The Heart of Research Testing Theories Specific Results versus General Understanding Science and Other Ways of Knowing, Revisited Scale and Heterogeneity The Structure and History of Plant Ecology Questions for Further Study Additional Readings PART I The Individual and its Environment Chapter 2 Photosynthesis and the Light Environment The Process of Photosynthesis Photosynthetic Rates Limitations Caused by Light Levels Limitations on Carbon Uptake Variation in Photosynthetic Rates within and between Habitats The Three Photosynthetic Pathways C3 Photosynthesis C4 Photosynthesis Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM Photosynthesis) Evolution of the Three Photosynthetic Pathways Phylogeny of the Photosynthetic Pathways Photosynthesis through Evolutionary Time Growth Form, Phenology, and Distribution of C3, C4, and CAM Plants Growth Forms and Habitats Phenology Geographic Distributions Adaptations to the Light Environment Sun and Shade Leaves Species’ Adaptations to High-Light and Low-Light Habitats Do Sun and Shade Adaptations Exist Within Species? Day Length: Responses and Adaptations Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 3 Water Relations and Energy Balance Adapting to Life on Land Water Potential The Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Transpiration and the Control of Water Loss Strategies for Coping with Different Water Availability Conditions Water Use Efficiency Whole-Plant Adaptations to Low Water Availability Physiological Adaptations Anatomical and Morphological Adaptations The Energy Balance of Leaves Radiant Energy Conduction and Convection Latent Heat Exchange Putting It All Together: Leaf and Whole-Plant Temperature Adaptations to Extreme Temperature Regimes Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 4 Soils, Mineral Nutrition, and Belowground Interactions Soil Composition and Structure Soil Texture Soil pH Horizons and Profiles Origins and Classification Water Movement within Soils Organic Matter and the Role of Organisms Plant Mineral Nutrition The Stoichiometry of Nutrients Nitrogen in Plants and Soils Biological Nitrogen Fixation Phosphorus in Soils Nutrient Use Efficiency Leaf Life Span and Evergreen versus Deciduous Leaves Mycorrhizae Major Groups of Mycorrhizae The Role of Mycorrhizae in Plant Phosphorus Nutrition Other Functions of Mycorrhizae Orchids and Their Mycorrhizal Associations Effects of Mycorrhizae on Plant Interactions Mutualism or Parasitism? Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings PART II Populations and Evolution Chapter 5 Population Structure, Growth, and Decline Some Issues in the Study of Plant Population Growth Population Structure Some Population Structure Issues Specific to Plants Sources of Population Structure Studying Population Growth and Decline Life Cycle Graphs Matrix Models Analyzing Matrix Models Lifetime Reproduction: The Net Reproductive Rate But Real Plants Live in Variable Environments Reproductive Value: The Contribution of Each Stage to Population Growth Sensitivity and Elasticity Life Table Response Experiments Age and Stage, Revisited Other Approaches to Modeling Plant Demography Demographic Studies of Long-Lived Plants Causes of Random Variation Random Variation in Population Growth and Decline Long-Term Growth Rates Studying Variable Population Growth Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 6 Evolutionary Processes and Outcomes Natural Selection Variation and Natural Selection The Factors Necessary for Natural Selection Resemblance among Relatives Heritability Partitioning Phenotypic Variation Gene-Environment Covariation Genotype-Environment Interactions Heavy-Metal Tolerance Patterns of Adaptation Adaptive Plasticity Levels of Selection Other Evolutionary Processes Processes that Decrease Variation Processes that Increase Variation Variation among Populations Ecotypes Speciation Adaptation and Speciation through Hybridization Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 7 Growth and Reproduction of Individuals Plant Growth Ecology of Growth Plant Architecture and Light Interception Growth of Clonal Plants Plant Reproduction Vegetative Reproduction Sexual Life Cycles of Plants Seeds Produced Asexually Pollination Ecology Wind Pollination Attracting Animal Visitors: Visual Displays Attracting Animal Visitors: Floral Odors and Acoustic Guides Limiting Unwanted Visits Pollination Syndromes Aquatic Plants and Pollination Who Mates with Whom? Plant Gender Competition for Pollinators and among Pollen Grains Pollen Dispersal and Its Consequences Frequency-Dependent Selection Assortative Mating Factors that Shape Plant Mating Systems Applications of Pollination and Mating System Ecology The Ecology of Fruits and Seeds Seed Dispersal Patterns Seed Banks Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 8 Plant Life Histories Size and Number of Seeds Life History Strategies Life Span and K-selection Grime’s Triangular Model Demographic Life History Theory Reproductive Allocation Difficulties in Measuring Trade-Offs Variation among Years Consequences of Variable Environments Seed Germination Masting Vegetative Phenology Phenology: Within-Year Schedules of Growth and Reproduction Reproductive Phenology: Abiotic Factors Reproductive Phenology: Biotic Factors Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings PART III Communities and Their Causes Chapter 9 Community Properties and Mechanisms What Is a Community? The History of a Controversy A Modern Perspective on the Issues in Contention Are Communities Real? Describing Communities Species Richness Diversity, Evenness, and Dominance Sampling Methods and Parameters for Describing Community Composition Physiognomy Long-Term Studies Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 10 Competition and Other Interactions Among Plants Competition at the Level of Individuals Seedlings: Density and Mortality Mechanisms of Competition for Resources Size and Resource Competition Experimental Methods for Studying Competition Greenhouse and Garden Experiments Field Experiments From Interspecific Competition to Allelopathy to Facilitation Trade-offs and Strategies Competitive Hierarchies Allelopathy Facilitation Modeling Competition and Coexistence Equilibrium Models Nonequilibrium Approaches to Modeling Competition Effects of Competition on Species Coexistence and Community Composition Competition along Environmental Gradients Conceptual Models of Competition in Habitats with Differing Productivities Experimental Evidence Evidence from Research Syntheses Resolution of Differing Results Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Seedlings: Density, Size, Inequality, and Timing of Emergence Chapter 11 Herbivory and Plant-Pathogen Interactions Herbivory at the Level of Individuals Herbivory and Plant Populations Herbivory and Spatial Distribution of Plants Granivory Biological Control Effects of Herbivory at the Community Level Consequences of Herbivore Behavior Apparent Competition Introduced and Domesticated Herbivores Effects of Native Herbivores Plant Defenses against Herbivory Generality Physical Defenses Plant Secondary Chemistry Constitutive versus Induced Defenses Evolutionary Consequences of Plant-Herbivore Interactions Parasitic Plants Effects of Disease on Individual Plants Pathogens Physiological and Evolutionary Responses to Pathogens Effects of Pathogens at the Population and Community Level More Complex Interactions Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 12 Disturbance and Succession Theories of the Mechanisms of Succession Disturbance Gaps Fire Wind Water Animals Humans Earthquakes and Volcanoes Disease Colonization Determining the Nature of Succession Interaction between Methodology and Understanding Mechanisms Responsible for Successional Change The Predictability of Succession Community Restoration Primary Succession Climax Revisited Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 13 Local Abundance, Diversity, and Rarity Dominance Are Dominant Species Competitively Superior? Abundance Curves Rarity and Commonness The Nature of Rarity Patterns of Rarity and Commonness Causes of Rarity and Commonness Invasive Species and Community Susceptibility to Invasion Why Do Some Species Become Invasive? What Makes a Community Susceptible to Invasion? Abundance and Community Structure Productivity and Diversity Niche Differentiation, Environmental Heterogeneity, and Diversity Gaps, Disturbance, and Diversity Effects of Increasing Diversity Testing the Effects of Diversity on Ecosystems Diversity and Stability Regional Processes Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings PART IV Ecosystems and Landscapes Chapter 14 Ecosystem Processes Biogeochemical Cycles: Quantifying Pools and Fluxes The Global Water Cycle Carbon in Ecosystems Productivity Methods for Estimating Productivity Decomposition and Soil Food Webs Carbon Storage Models of Ecosystem Carbon Cycles Nitrogen and the Nitrogen Cycle at Ecosystem and Global Levels Nitrogen Fixation Other Sources of Nitrogen Input to Living Organisms Nitrogen Mineralization Denitrification and Leaching of Nitrogen Decomposition Rates and Nitrogen Immobilization Plant Uptake of Nitrogen Phosphorus in Terrestrial Ecosystems Ecosystem Nutrient Cycling and Plant Diversity Ecosystem Processes for Some Other Elements Sulfur Calcium Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 15 Communities in Landscapes Comparing Communities Non-numerical Techniques Univariate Techniques Multivariate Techniques Landscape Patterns Ordination: Describing Patterns Determining Causes of Patterns Types of Data Classification Views on Continuous versus Discrete Landscapes Differentiation Diversity Landscape Diversity Pattern Diversity Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 16 Landscape Ecology Spatial Patterns Six Types of Species-Area Curves Defining Patches Quantifying Patch Characteristics and Interrelationships The Effects of Spatial Patterns on Ecological Processes Scale Definitions and Concepts Process and Scale Spatial and Ecological Scale Quantifying Aspects of Spatial Pattern and Scale Toward a Theoretical Basis for Landscape Patterns: Island Biogeography Theory Metapopulation Theory Metapopulation Patterns Species-Time-Area Relationships Landscape Ecology and Conservation Reserve Design Fragmentation Edges, Connectivity, and Nestedness Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings PART V Global Patterns and Processes Chapter 17 Climate and Physiognomy Climate and Weather Temperature Short-Term Variation in Radiation and Temperature Long-Term Cycles Precipitation Global Patterns Continental-Scale Patterns Seasonal Variation in Precipitation The El Niño Southern Oscillation Predictability and Long-Term Change Plant Physiognomy across the Globe Forests Tree Line Grasslands and Woodlands Shrublands and Deserts Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 18 Biomes Categorizing Vegetation Converging Biomes and Convergent Evolution Moist Tropical Forests Tropical Rainforest Seasonal Tropical Forests and Woodlands Tropical Montane Forest Tropical Deciduous Forest Tropical Woodland Thorn Forest Temperate Deciduous Forest Other Temperate Forests and Woodlands Temperate Rainforest Temperate Evergreen Forest Temperate Woodland Taiga Temperate Shrubland Grasslands Temperate Grassland Tropical Savanna Deserts Hot Desert Alpine and Arctic Vegetation Alpine Grassland and Shrubland Cold Desert Tundra Summary Questions for Study and Thought Additional Readings Chapter 19 Regional and Global Diversity Large-Scale Patterns of Species Richness General Factors Affecting Diversity Levels of Explanation Null Models The Importance of Available Energy Diversity along Ecological Gradients Contributions of a, b, and g Diversity Productivity and Scale Diversity along Latitudinal Gradients An Array of Explanations The Role of b Diversity Continental Differences Other Geographic Patterns Species Diversity and Patterns of Overlap Endemism, Centers of Diversification, and Isolation Relationships between Regional and Local Diversity Noisy Data and Limits to Methodology Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 20 Paleoecology The Paleozoic Era The Mesozoic Era The Dominance of Gymnosperms The Breakup of Pangaea and the Rise of the Angiosperms The Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Boundary The Cenozoic Era Paleoecology Methods The Recent Past At the Glacial Maximum Glacial Retreat Climatic Fluctuations in the Recent Past Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Chapter 21 Global Change: Humans and Plants Carbon and Plant-Atmosphere Interactions The Global Carbon Cycle Direct Effects of Increasing CO2 on Plants Anthropogenic Global Climate Change The Greenhouse Effect Global Climate Change: Evidence Global Climate Change: Predictions Biotic Consequences of Climate Change Deforestation Anthropogenic Effects on the Global Carbon Cycle Fossil Fuel Combustion Acid Precipitation and Nitrogen Deposition Declining Global Biodiversity and Its Causes Habitat Fragmentation and Loss Other Threats to Rare and Common Species in a Range of Communities Invasive Species as Threats to Biodiversity Human Populations and Land Use Patterns A Ray of Hope? Summary Questions for Further Study Additional Readings Appendix: A Statistics Primer Data Description Estimating Accuracy Using and Reporting Statistics Glossary Photo Credits Literature Cited Index
650			_a Botany Ecology Écologie Écologie végétale Plant ecology Plantes Plants ecology vegetation
690			_aHORTICULTURE
700			_a Fox, Gordon A & Scheiner, Samuel M.,
942			_2ddc _cBOOKS
999			_c40493 _d40493