Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Cover
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contents
Preface
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Chapter 1 : Introduction
Abstract
Keywords
1.1 Environment and environmental problems
1.2 Environmental pollutants
1.2.1 Sources and categories of environmental pollutants
1.2.2 Properties of environmental pollutants
1.2.2.1 Toxicity
1.2.2.2 Diffusivity
1.2.2.3 Activity and persistence
1.2.2.4 Biodegradability
1.2.2.5 Bioaccumulation
1.2.3 Typical environmental chemical pollutants
1.3 Modern environmental analytical chemistry
1.3.1 Introduction
1.3.2 Characteristics
1.3.2.1 Extensive research objects
1.3.2.2 Complex research content
1.3.2.3 Low amounts of pollution components
1.3.2.4 Variability of pollutants
1.3.3 Development of modern environmental analytical chemistry
1.3.3.1 Standardization of analytical methods
1.3.3.2 Continuous and automatic analytical techniques
1.3.3.3 Advanced hyphenated techniques
1.3.3.4 Application of powerful analytical light source technique
1.3.3.5 Trace and ultra-trace analysis
1.3.3.6 Speciation analysis of pollutants
1.3.3.7 Field process analysis system
1.4 Green analytical chemistry in environmental analysis
1.5 Fundamentals of trace analysis
1.5.1 Concentration unit
1.5.2 Evaluation parameters of trace analysis
1.5.2.1 Calibration curve
1.5.2.2 Accuracy
1.5.2.3 Precision
1.5.2.4 Sensitivity
1.5.3 Environmental reference material
1.6 Instrumental analytical methods for environmental analysis
1.6.1 Gas chromatography
1.6.2 Two-dimensional gas chromatography
1.6.3 High-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
1.6.4 Mass spectrometry
1.6.5 Hyphenated techniques
1.7 Nontarget analysis
1.8 Isotopic tracer technology
References
Chapter 2 : Pretreatment techniques for environmental samples
Absract
Keywords
2.1 Extraction techniques
2.1.1 Solid-phase extraction
2.1.2 Magnetic solid-phase extraction
2.1.3 Solid-phase microextraction
2.1.4 Liquid-phase microextraction
2.1.5 Cloud point extraction
2.1.5.1 Surfactant
2.1.5.2 Concentration
2.1.5.3 pH
2.1.5.4 Temperature
2.1.5.5 Additives
2.1.5.6 Centrifugation time
2.1.5.7 Effect of viscosity
2.1.5.8 Ionic strength
2.1.6 Microwave extraction
2.2 Headspace analysis
2.2.1 Static and dynamic headspace techniques
2.2.2 Headspace solid-phase microextraction
2.2.3 Application of headspace techniques
References
Further reading
Chapter 3 : Chemical speciation analysis
Abstract
Keywords
3.1 Chemical species and speciation analysis
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Basic concepts
3.2 Significance of speciation analysis
3.2.1 Significance in studying migration and transformation of pollutants
3.2.2 Significance in environmental toxicology research
3.3 Sample collection and storage
3.4 Electrochemical techniques for speciation analysis
3.5 Spectral techniques for speciation analysis
3.6 Mass spectrometry for speciation analysis
3.7 Speciation analysis of chromium
3.8 Speciation analysis of mercury
3.9 Speciation analysis of selenium
3.10 Speciation analysis of arsenic
3.10.1 Species of arsenic
3.10.2 HPLC–ICP–MS for arsenic speciation analysis
3.10.3 Nonchromatographic methods for arsenic speciation analysis
3.11 Speciation analysis of lead
3.12 Speciation analysis of cadmium
3.13 Speciation analysis of tin
References
Chapter 4 : Atmospheric environmental analysis
Abstract
Keywords
4.1 Introduction to atmospheric environmental chemistry
4.2 Sampling of gas analytes
4.2.1 Distribution of sampling points
4.2.2 Sampling techniques
4.3 Analysis of atmospheric particulate matter
4.4 Analysis of volatile organic compounds
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Photoionization detector
4.4.3 Sensors for volatile organic compounds
4.5 Analysis of greenhouse gases
4.5.1 Greenhouse gases
4.5.2 Nondispersive infrared spectroscopy
4.5.3 Gas sensors for CO 2 and CH 4
4.6 Analysis of nitrogen oxides
4.7 Analysis of sulfur dioxide
4.8 Analysis of indoor air pollutants
References
Chapter 5 : Analysis of water pollutants
Abstract
Keywords
5.1 Water environmental chemistry
5.1.1 Introduction to natural water
5.1.2 Water pollution
5.2 Analysis of heavy metals
5.2.1 Spectroscopic methods
5.2.2 Electrochemical methods
5.3 Analysis of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances
5.4 Analysis of disinfection byproducts
5.5 Analysis of pharmaceuticals
5.6 Analysis of flame retardants
5.7 Analysis of artificial sweeteners
5.8 Analysis of antibiotic resistance genes
5.9 Analysis of pollutants in marine environment
5.9.1 Microplastics in marine
5.9.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy
5.9.3 Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
5.9.3.1 Pyrolysis temperature
5.9.3.2 Cleanliness of the cracker
5.9.3.3 Sample amount
References
Further reading
Chapter 6 : Analysis of soil pollutants and nutrients
Abstract
Keywords
6.1 Introduction to soil environmental chemistry
6.2 Soil sampling
6.3 Analysis of pesticides
6.4 Analysis of nitrate in soil
6.5 Analysis of nitrite
6.6 Analysis of phosphorus in soil
6.7 Analysis for heavy metals in soil
6.7.1 Wet digestion of soil samples
6.7.2 Microwave digestion of soil samples
6.7.2.1 Microwave heating
6.7.2.2 Microwave digestion vessel
6.7.3 Electrochemical techniques for heavy metals in soil
6.8 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
References
Chapter 7 : Sensing techniques for environmental pollutants
Abstract
Keywords
7.1 Electrochemical sensing techniques for environmental pollutants
7.1.1 Functional materials for electrochemical sensing
7.1.2 Paper-based electrochemical sensors
7.1.3 Three-dimensional-printed electrochemical sensors
7.2 Optical sensing techniques for environmental pollutants
7.2.1 General description
7.2.2 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
7.3 Biosensing techniques for environmental pollutants
7.3.1 Enzyme-based biosensor
7.3.2 Immunosensors
7.3.3 DNA biosensor
7.3.3.1 Colorimetric aptasensing techniques
7.3.3.2 Fluorescent aptasensing techniques
7.3.3.3 Electrochemical aptasensing techniques
7.4 Application of smartphone in environmental analysis
7.5 Personal glucose monitor–based sensing techniques
References
Chapter 8 : On-site rapid emergency analytical technology for environmental emergencies
Abstract
Keywords
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Analytical technology for environmental emergencies
8.2.1 Analysis based on sensory organ
8.2.2 Analysis based on detection tube
8.2.3 Analysis based on portable instruments
8.3 Portable gas chromatography
8.4 Portable gas chromatography–mass spectrometer
8.5 Infrared spectroscopy
8.6 Unmanned systems
8.7 Methods and techniques for COVID-19 detection
8.7.1 Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
8.7.2 Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction
8.7.3 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
8.7.4 Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples
8.7.5 CRISPR-Cas system
8.7.6 Non-nucleic acid-based methodology
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z

Environmental Analytical Chemistry investigates how to use modern scientific theory and advanced experimental techniques to identify and determine the types, components, amounts, and chemical forms of substances in the environment, including both naturally occurring chemicals and anthropogenic contaminants. The book covers the newest developments of environmental analytical chemistry, including discussions of pretreatment techniques of environmental samples, chemical species and speciation analysis, atmospheric pollutants analysis, water pollutants analysis, soil pollutants analysis, sensing techniques for environmental pollutants and on-site rapid emergency analytical technology for environmental emergencies. The book will be of use to researchers and technical personnel in the fields of environmental science, environmental chemistry, environmental monitoring, and analytical chemistry.