Karp's cell biology /
Iwasa, Janet.
Karp's cell biology / Janet Iwasa and Wallace Marshall. - Global edition. - New Jersey : Wiley, 2016. - xv, 792, G-21, A-6, I-33 p. : col. ill. pbk. ; 28 cm
Publication date from publishers website.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1 Introduction to Cell Biology 1
1.1 The Discovery of Cells 2
1.2 Basic Properties of Cells 3
1.3 Two Fundamentally Different Classes of Cells 8
1.4 Types of Prokaryotic Cells 14
1.5 Types of Eukaryotic Cells 15
1.6 The Sizes of Cells and Their Components 18
1.7 Viruses 19
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 23
The Prospect of Cell Replacement Therapy 23
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 27
The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells 27
2 The Structure and Functions of Biological Molecules 33
2.1 Covalent Bonds 34
2.2 Noncovalent Bonds 36
2.3 Acids, Bases, and Buffers 39
2.4 The Nature of Biological Molecules 40
2.5 Carbohydrates 42
2.6 Lipids 47
2.7 Building Blocks of Proteins 49
2.8 Primary and Secondary Structures of Proteins 54
2.9 Tertiary Structure of Proteins 56
2.10 Quaternary Structure of Proteins 60
2.11 Protein Folding 61
2.12 Proteomics and Interactomics 64
2.13 Protein Engineering 67
2.14 Protein Adaptation and Evolution 69
2.15 Nucleic Acids 71
2.16 The Formation of Complex Macromolecular Structures 72
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 73
I. Do Free Radicals Cause Aging? 73
II. Protein Misfolding Can Have Deadly Consequences 74
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 79
Chaperones—Helping Proteins Reach Their Proper Folded State 79
3 Bioenergetics, Enzymes, and Metabolism 87
3.1 Bioenergetics 88
3.2 Free Energy 90
3.3 Coupling Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions 94
3.4 Equilibrium versus Steady]State Metabolism 94
3.5 Enzymes as Biological Catalysts 95
3.6 Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis 99
3.7 Enzyme Kinetics 103
3.8 Metabolism 106
3.9 Glycolysis and ATP Production 108
3.10 Reducing Power 112
3.11 Metabolic Regulation 113
3.12 Separating Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways 114
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 115
I. The Growing Problem of Antibiotic Resistance 115
II. Caloric Restriction and Longevity 118
4 Genes, Chromosomes, and Genomes 123
4.1 The Concept of a Gene as a Unit of Inheritance 124
4.2 The Discovery of Chromosomes 125
4.3 Chromosomes: The Physical Carriers of the Genes 126
4.4 Genetic Analysis in Drosophila 127
4.5 The Structure of DNA 129
4.6 DNA Supercoiling 134
4.7 The Structure of the Genome 136
4.8 The Stability of the Genome 141
4.9 "Jumping Genes" and the Dynamic Nature of the Genome 143
4.10 Sequencing Genomes: The Footprints of Biological Evolution 146
4.11 Comparative Genomics: "If It's Conserved, It Must Be Important" 148
4.12 The Genetic Basis of "Being Human" 148
4.13 Genetic Variation within the Human Species Population 150
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 152
I. Diseases That Result from Expansion of Trinucleotide Repeats 152
II. Application of Genomic Analyses to Medicine 154
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 157
The Chemical Nature of the Gene 157
5 The Path to Gene Expression 165
5.1 The Relationship between Genes, Proteins, and RNAs 166
5.2 The Role of RNA Polymerases in Transcription 169
5.3 An Overview of Transcription in Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 171
5.4 Synthesis and Processing of Eukaryotic Ribosomal and Transfer RNAs 174
5.5 Synthesis and Structure of Eukaryotic Messenger RNAs 178
5.6 Split Genes: An Unexpected Finding 181
5.7 The Processing of Eukaryotic Messenger RNAs 184
5.8 Evolutionary Implications of Split Genes and RNA Splicing 189
5.9 Creating New Ribozymes in the Laboratory 191
5.10 Small Regulatory RNAs and RNA Silencing Pathway 191
5.11 Small RNAs: miRNAs and piRNAs 193
5.12 CRISPR and other Noncoding RNAs 195
5.13 Encoding Genetic Information 196
5.14 Decoding the Codons: The Role of Transfer RNAs 198
5.15 Translating Genetic Information: Initiation 201
5.16 Translating Genetic Information: Elongation and Termination 205
5.17 mRNA Surveillance and Quality Control 208
5.18 Polyribosomes 209
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 210
Clinical Applications of RNA Interference 210
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 212
The Role of RNA as a Catalyst 212
6 Controlling Gene Expression 220
6.1 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria 221
6.2 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes: Structure and Function of the Cell Nucleus 225
6.3 Chromosomes and Chromatin 230
6.4 Heterochromatin and Euchromatin 234
6.5 The Structure of a Mitotic Chromosome 238
6.6 Epigenetics: There's More to Inheritance than DNA 243
6.7 The Nucleus as an Organized Organelle 244
6.8 An Overview of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 247
6.9 Transcriptional Control 248
6.10 The Role of Transcription Factors in Regulating Gene Expression 252
6.11 The Structure of Transcription Factors 253
6.12 DNA Sites Involved in Regulating Transcription 256
6.13 The Glucocorticoid Receptor: An Example of Transcriptional Activation 258
6.14 Transcriptional Activation: The Role of Enhancers, Promoters, and Coactivators 259
6.15 Transcriptional Activation from Paused Polymerases 263
6.16 Transcriptional Repression 264
6.17 RNA Processing Control 267
6.18 Translational Control 269
6.19 The Role of MicroRNAs in Translational Control 273
6.20 Posttranslational Control: Determining Protein Stability 274
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 275
Chromosomal Aberrations and Human Disorders 275
7 DNA Replication and Repair 282
7.1 DNA Replication 283
7.2 DNA Replication in Bacterial Cells 286
7.3 The Machinery Operating at the Replication Fork 291
7.4 The Structure and Functions of DNA Polymerases 293
7.5 Replication in Viruses 296
7.6 DNA Replication in Eukaryotic Cells 296
7.7 Chromatin Structure and Replication 300
7.8 DNA Repair 302
7.9 Between Replication and Repair 305
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 306
Consequences of DNA Repair Deficiencies 306
8 Cellular Membrane 311
8.1 Introduction to the Plasma Membrane 312
8.2 The Chemical Composition of Membranes 315
8.3 Membrane Carbohydrates 319
8.4 The Structure and Functions of Membrane Proteins 320
8.5 Studying the Structure and Properties of Integral Membrane Proteins 323
8.6 Membrane Lipids and Membrane Fluidity 327
8.7 The Dynamic Nature of the Plasma Membrane 329
8.8 The Red Blood Cell: An Example of Plasma Membrane Structure 334
8.9 The Movement of Substances across Cell Membranes 336
8.10 Diffusion through the Lipid Bilayer 338
8.11 The Diffusion of Ions through Membranes 340
8.12 Facilitated Diffusion 345
8.13 Active Transport 346
8.14 Membrane Potentials 350
8.15 Propagation of Action Potentials as an Impulse 353
8.16 Neurotransmission: Jumping the Synaptic Cleft 354
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 357
Defects in Ion Channels and Transporters as a Cause of Inherited Disease 357
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 359
The Acetylcholine Receptor 359
9 Mitochondrion and Aerobic Respiration 368
9.1 Mitochondrial Structure and Function 369
9.2 Oxidative Metabolism in the Mitochondrion 372
9.3 The Role of Mitochondria in the Formation of ATP 377
9.4 Electron]Transport Complexes 381
9.5 Translocation of Protons and the Establishment of a Proton] Motive Force 385
9.6 The Machinery for ATP Formation 386
9.7 The Binding Change Mechanism of ATP Formation 388
9.8 Using the Proton Gradient 391
9.9 Peroxisomes 392
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 394
I. The Role of Anaerobic and Aerobic Metabolism in Exercise 394
II. Diseases that Result from Abnormal Mitochondrial or Peroxisomal Function 395
10 Chloroplast and Photosynthesis 401
10.1 The Origin of Photosynthesis 402
10.2 Chloroplast Structure and Function 403
10.3 An Overview of Photosynthetic Metabolism 404
10.4 The Absorption of Light 405
10.5 Photosynthetic Units and Reaction Centers 407
10.6 The Operations of Photosystem II and Photosystem I 409
10.7 An Overview of Photosynthetic Electron Transport 413
10.8 Photophosphorylation 415
10.9 Carbon Dioxide Fixation and the Carbohydrate Synthesis 415
10.10 Carbohydrate Synthesis in C4 and CAM Plants 420
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 421
Global Warming and Carbon Sequestration 421
11 The Extracellular Matrix and Cell Interactions 426
11.1 Overview of Extracellular Interactions 427
11.2 The Extracellular Space 428
11.3 Components of the Extracellular Matrix 430
11.4 Dynamic Properties of the Extracellular Matrix 435
11.5 Interactions of Cells with Extracellular Materials 436
11.6 Anchoring Cells to Their Substratum 438
11.7 Interactions of Cells with Other Cells 441
11.8 Adherens Junctions and Desmosomes: Anchoring Cells to Other Cells 445
11.9 The Role of Cell]Adhesion Receptors in Transmembrane Signaling 447
11.10 Tight Junctions: Sealing the Extracellular Space 447
11.11 Gap Junctions and Plasmodesmata: Mediating Intercellular Communication 449
11.12 Cell Walls 453
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 455
The Role of Cell Adhesion in Inflammation and Metastasis 455
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 457
The Role of Gap Junctions in Intercellular Communication 457
12 Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking 463
12.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System 464
12.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes 466
12.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum 472
12.4 Functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 473
12.5 Membrane Biosynthesis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum 477
12.6 Glycosylation in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 479
12.7 Mechanisms That Ensure the Destruction of Misfolded Proteins 481
12.8 ER to Golgi Vesicular Transport 482
12.9 The Golgi Complex 482
12.10 Types of Vesicle Transport and Their Functions 487
12.11 Beyond the Golgi Complex: Sorting Proteins at the TGN 491
12.12 Targeting Vesicles to a Particular Compartment 493
12.13 Exocytosis 496
12.14 Lysosomes 496
12.15 Plant Cell Vacuoles 498
12.16 Endocytosis 498
12.17 The Endocytic Pathway 502
12.18 Phagocytosis 505
12.19 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts 505
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 508
Disorders Resulting from Defects in Lysosomal Function 508
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 510
Receptor]Mediated Endocytosis 510
13 The Cytoskeleton 517
13.1 Overview of the Major Functions of the Cytoskeleton 518
13.2 Microtubules: Structure and Function 520
13.3 Motor Proteins: Kinesins and Dyneins 524
13.4 Microtubule]Organizing Centers (MTOCs) 527
13.5 Microtubule Dynamics 530
13.6 Cilia and Flagella: Structure and Function 534
13.7 Intermediate Filaments 541
13.8 Microfilaments 544
13.9 Myosin: The Molecular Motor of Actin Filaments 547
13.10 Muscle Contractility 552
13.11 Nonmuscle Motility 557
13.12 Cellular Motility 560
13.13 Actin]Dependent Processes During Development 564
13.14 The Bacterial Cytoskeleton 567
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 568
The Role of Cilia in Development and Disease 568
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 569
I. The Step Size of Kinesin 569
II. Studying Actin]Based Motility without Cells 571
14 Cell Division 578
14.1 The Cell Cycle 579
14.2 Regulation of the Cell Cycle 581
14.3 Control of the Cell Cycle: The Role of Protein Kinases 582
14.4 Control of the Cell Cycle: Checkpoints, Cdk Inhibitors, and Cellular Responses 586
14.5 M Phase: Mitosis and Cytokinesis 588
14.6 Prophase 588
14.7 Prometaphase 594
14.8 Metaphase 596
14.9 Anaphase 598
14.10 Telophase and Cytokinesis 603
14.11 Meiosis 608
14.12 The Stages of Meiosis 610
14.13 Genetic Recombination during Meiosis 613
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 615
Meiotic Nondisjunction and Its Consequences 615
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 616
The Discovery and Characterization of MPF 616
15 Cell Signaling Pathways 624
15.1 The Basic Elements of Cell Signaling Systems 625
15.2 A Survey of Extracellular Messengers and their Receptors 628
15.3 Signal Transduction by G Protein]Coupled Receptors 629
15.4 Second Messengers 632
15.5 The Specificity of G Protein]Coupled Responses 636
15.6 Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels 636
15.7 The Role of GPCRs in Sensory Perception 640
15.8 Protein]Tyrosine Phosphorylation as a Mechanism for Signal Transduction 641
15.9 The Ras]MAP Kinase Pathway 645
15.10 Signaling by the Insulin Receptor 648
15.11 Signaling Pathways in Plants 651
15.12 The Role of Calcium as an Intracellular Messenger 651
15.13 Convergence, Divergence, and Cross]Talk among Different Signaling Pathways 655
15.14 The Role of NO as an Intercellular Messenger 657
15.15 Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 659
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 663
Disorders Associated with G Protein]Coupled Receptors 663
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 665
The Discovery and Characterization of GTP]Binding Proteins 665
16 Cancer 673
16.1 Basic Properties of a Cancer Cell 674
16.2 The Causes of Cancer 677
16.3 The Genetics of Cancer 678
16.4 An Overview of Tumor]Suppressor Genes and Oncogenes 680
16.5 Tumor]Suppressor Genes: The RB Gene 681
16.6 Tumor]Suppressor Genes: The TP53 Gene 684
16.7 Other Tumor]Suppressor Genes 687
16.8 Oncogenes 688
16.9 The Mutator Phenotype: Mutant Genes Involved in DNA Repair 691
16.10 MicroRNAs: A New Player in the Genetics of Cancer 691
16.11 The Cancer Genome 691
16.12 Gene]Expression Analysis 694
16.13 Strategies for Combating Cancer 696
16.14 Immunotherapy 696
16.15 Inhibiting the Activity of Cancer]Promoting Proteins 698
16.16 The Concept of a Cancer Stem Cell 701
16.17 Inhibiting the Formation of New Blood Vessels (Angiogenesis) 701
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 702
The Discovery of Oncogenes 702
17 Immunity 709
17.1 An Overview of the Immune Response 710
17.2 The Clonal Selection Theory as It Applies to B Cells 714
17.3 Vaccination 715
17.4 T Lymphocytes: Activation and Mechanism of Action 717
17.5 The Modular Structure of Antibodies 720
17.6 DNA Rearrangements That Produce Genes Encoding B] and T]Cell Antigen Receptors 723
17.7 Membrane]Bound Antigen Receptor Complexes 725
17.8 The Major Histocompatibility Complex 726
17.9 Distinguishing Self from Nonself 730
17.10 Lymphocytes Are Activated by Cell]Surface Signals 731
17.11 Signal Transduction Pathways in Lymphocyte Activation 732
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 733
Autoimmune Diseases 733
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 736
The Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Antigen Presentation 736
18 Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology 742
18.1 The Light Microscope 743
18.2 Bright]Field and Phase]Contrast Microscopy 745
18.3 Fluorescence Microscopy (and Related Fluorescence]Based Techniques) 746
18.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 752
18.5 Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy 753
18.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy 757
18.7 Atomic Force Microscopy 758
18.8 The Use of Radioisotopes 759
18.9 Cell Culture 760
18.10 The Fractionation of a Cell's Contents by Differential Centrifugation 762
18.11 Purification and Characterization of Proteins by Liquid Column Chromatography 762
18.12 Determining Protein–Protein Interactions 764
18.13 Characterization of Proteins by
18.14 Characterization of Proteins by Spectrometry 767
18.15 Characterization of Proteins by Mass Spectrometry 767
18.16 Determining the Structure of Proteins and Multisubunit Complexes 768
18.17 Fractionation of Nucleic Acids 770
18.18 Nucleic Acid Hybridization 773
18.19 Chemical Synthesis of DNA 774
18.20 Recombinant DNA Technology 774
18.21 Enzymatic Amplification of DNA by PCR 778
18.22 DNA Sequencing 780
18.23 DNA Libraries 782
18.24 DNA Transfer into Eukaryotic Cells and Mammalian Embryos 783
18.25 Gene Editing and Silencing 786
18.26 The Use of Antibodies 789
Karp’s Cell Biology, Global Edition continues to build on its strength at connecting key concepts to the experiments that reveal how we know what we know in the world of Cell Biology. This classic text explores core concepts in considerable depth, often adding experimental detail. It is written in an inviting style to assist students in handling the plethora of details encountered in the Cell Biology course. In this edition, two new co-authors take the helm and help to expand upon the hallmark strengths of the book, improving the student learning experience.
9781119454175
Cytology.
571.6 / IWA
Karp's cell biology / Janet Iwasa and Wallace Marshall. - Global edition. - New Jersey : Wiley, 2016. - xv, 792, G-21, A-6, I-33 p. : col. ill. pbk. ; 28 cm
Publication date from publishers website.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1 Introduction to Cell Biology 1
1.1 The Discovery of Cells 2
1.2 Basic Properties of Cells 3
1.3 Two Fundamentally Different Classes of Cells 8
1.4 Types of Prokaryotic Cells 14
1.5 Types of Eukaryotic Cells 15
1.6 The Sizes of Cells and Their Components 18
1.7 Viruses 19
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 23
The Prospect of Cell Replacement Therapy 23
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 27
The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells 27
2 The Structure and Functions of Biological Molecules 33
2.1 Covalent Bonds 34
2.2 Noncovalent Bonds 36
2.3 Acids, Bases, and Buffers 39
2.4 The Nature of Biological Molecules 40
2.5 Carbohydrates 42
2.6 Lipids 47
2.7 Building Blocks of Proteins 49
2.8 Primary and Secondary Structures of Proteins 54
2.9 Tertiary Structure of Proteins 56
2.10 Quaternary Structure of Proteins 60
2.11 Protein Folding 61
2.12 Proteomics and Interactomics 64
2.13 Protein Engineering 67
2.14 Protein Adaptation and Evolution 69
2.15 Nucleic Acids 71
2.16 The Formation of Complex Macromolecular Structures 72
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 73
I. Do Free Radicals Cause Aging? 73
II. Protein Misfolding Can Have Deadly Consequences 74
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 79
Chaperones—Helping Proteins Reach Their Proper Folded State 79
3 Bioenergetics, Enzymes, and Metabolism 87
3.1 Bioenergetics 88
3.2 Free Energy 90
3.3 Coupling Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions 94
3.4 Equilibrium versus Steady]State Metabolism 94
3.5 Enzymes as Biological Catalysts 95
3.6 Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis 99
3.7 Enzyme Kinetics 103
3.8 Metabolism 106
3.9 Glycolysis and ATP Production 108
3.10 Reducing Power 112
3.11 Metabolic Regulation 113
3.12 Separating Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways 114
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 115
I. The Growing Problem of Antibiotic Resistance 115
II. Caloric Restriction and Longevity 118
4 Genes, Chromosomes, and Genomes 123
4.1 The Concept of a Gene as a Unit of Inheritance 124
4.2 The Discovery of Chromosomes 125
4.3 Chromosomes: The Physical Carriers of the Genes 126
4.4 Genetic Analysis in Drosophila 127
4.5 The Structure of DNA 129
4.6 DNA Supercoiling 134
4.7 The Structure of the Genome 136
4.8 The Stability of the Genome 141
4.9 "Jumping Genes" and the Dynamic Nature of the Genome 143
4.10 Sequencing Genomes: The Footprints of Biological Evolution 146
4.11 Comparative Genomics: "If It's Conserved, It Must Be Important" 148
4.12 The Genetic Basis of "Being Human" 148
4.13 Genetic Variation within the Human Species Population 150
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 152
I. Diseases That Result from Expansion of Trinucleotide Repeats 152
II. Application of Genomic Analyses to Medicine 154
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 157
The Chemical Nature of the Gene 157
5 The Path to Gene Expression 165
5.1 The Relationship between Genes, Proteins, and RNAs 166
5.2 The Role of RNA Polymerases in Transcription 169
5.3 An Overview of Transcription in Both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells 171
5.4 Synthesis and Processing of Eukaryotic Ribosomal and Transfer RNAs 174
5.5 Synthesis and Structure of Eukaryotic Messenger RNAs 178
5.6 Split Genes: An Unexpected Finding 181
5.7 The Processing of Eukaryotic Messenger RNAs 184
5.8 Evolutionary Implications of Split Genes and RNA Splicing 189
5.9 Creating New Ribozymes in the Laboratory 191
5.10 Small Regulatory RNAs and RNA Silencing Pathway 191
5.11 Small RNAs: miRNAs and piRNAs 193
5.12 CRISPR and other Noncoding RNAs 195
5.13 Encoding Genetic Information 196
5.14 Decoding the Codons: The Role of Transfer RNAs 198
5.15 Translating Genetic Information: Initiation 201
5.16 Translating Genetic Information: Elongation and Termination 205
5.17 mRNA Surveillance and Quality Control 208
5.18 Polyribosomes 209
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 210
Clinical Applications of RNA Interference 210
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 212
The Role of RNA as a Catalyst 212
6 Controlling Gene Expression 220
6.1 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria 221
6.2 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes: Structure and Function of the Cell Nucleus 225
6.3 Chromosomes and Chromatin 230
6.4 Heterochromatin and Euchromatin 234
6.5 The Structure of a Mitotic Chromosome 238
6.6 Epigenetics: There's More to Inheritance than DNA 243
6.7 The Nucleus as an Organized Organelle 244
6.8 An Overview of Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes 247
6.9 Transcriptional Control 248
6.10 The Role of Transcription Factors in Regulating Gene Expression 252
6.11 The Structure of Transcription Factors 253
6.12 DNA Sites Involved in Regulating Transcription 256
6.13 The Glucocorticoid Receptor: An Example of Transcriptional Activation 258
6.14 Transcriptional Activation: The Role of Enhancers, Promoters, and Coactivators 259
6.15 Transcriptional Activation from Paused Polymerases 263
6.16 Transcriptional Repression 264
6.17 RNA Processing Control 267
6.18 Translational Control 269
6.19 The Role of MicroRNAs in Translational Control 273
6.20 Posttranslational Control: Determining Protein Stability 274
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 275
Chromosomal Aberrations and Human Disorders 275
7 DNA Replication and Repair 282
7.1 DNA Replication 283
7.2 DNA Replication in Bacterial Cells 286
7.3 The Machinery Operating at the Replication Fork 291
7.4 The Structure and Functions of DNA Polymerases 293
7.5 Replication in Viruses 296
7.6 DNA Replication in Eukaryotic Cells 296
7.7 Chromatin Structure and Replication 300
7.8 DNA Repair 302
7.9 Between Replication and Repair 305
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 306
Consequences of DNA Repair Deficiencies 306
8 Cellular Membrane 311
8.1 Introduction to the Plasma Membrane 312
8.2 The Chemical Composition of Membranes 315
8.3 Membrane Carbohydrates 319
8.4 The Structure and Functions of Membrane Proteins 320
8.5 Studying the Structure and Properties of Integral Membrane Proteins 323
8.6 Membrane Lipids and Membrane Fluidity 327
8.7 The Dynamic Nature of the Plasma Membrane 329
8.8 The Red Blood Cell: An Example of Plasma Membrane Structure 334
8.9 The Movement of Substances across Cell Membranes 336
8.10 Diffusion through the Lipid Bilayer 338
8.11 The Diffusion of Ions through Membranes 340
8.12 Facilitated Diffusion 345
8.13 Active Transport 346
8.14 Membrane Potentials 350
8.15 Propagation of Action Potentials as an Impulse 353
8.16 Neurotransmission: Jumping the Synaptic Cleft 354
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 357
Defects in Ion Channels and Transporters as a Cause of Inherited Disease 357
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 359
The Acetylcholine Receptor 359
9 Mitochondrion and Aerobic Respiration 368
9.1 Mitochondrial Structure and Function 369
9.2 Oxidative Metabolism in the Mitochondrion 372
9.3 The Role of Mitochondria in the Formation of ATP 377
9.4 Electron]Transport Complexes 381
9.5 Translocation of Protons and the Establishment of a Proton] Motive Force 385
9.6 The Machinery for ATP Formation 386
9.7 The Binding Change Mechanism of ATP Formation 388
9.8 Using the Proton Gradient 391
9.9 Peroxisomes 392
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 394
I. The Role of Anaerobic and Aerobic Metabolism in Exercise 394
II. Diseases that Result from Abnormal Mitochondrial or Peroxisomal Function 395
10 Chloroplast and Photosynthesis 401
10.1 The Origin of Photosynthesis 402
10.2 Chloroplast Structure and Function 403
10.3 An Overview of Photosynthetic Metabolism 404
10.4 The Absorption of Light 405
10.5 Photosynthetic Units and Reaction Centers 407
10.6 The Operations of Photosystem II and Photosystem I 409
10.7 An Overview of Photosynthetic Electron Transport 413
10.8 Photophosphorylation 415
10.9 Carbon Dioxide Fixation and the Carbohydrate Synthesis 415
10.10 Carbohydrate Synthesis in C4 and CAM Plants 420
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 421
Global Warming and Carbon Sequestration 421
11 The Extracellular Matrix and Cell Interactions 426
11.1 Overview of Extracellular Interactions 427
11.2 The Extracellular Space 428
11.3 Components of the Extracellular Matrix 430
11.4 Dynamic Properties of the Extracellular Matrix 435
11.5 Interactions of Cells with Extracellular Materials 436
11.6 Anchoring Cells to Their Substratum 438
11.7 Interactions of Cells with Other Cells 441
11.8 Adherens Junctions and Desmosomes: Anchoring Cells to Other Cells 445
11.9 The Role of Cell]Adhesion Receptors in Transmembrane Signaling 447
11.10 Tight Junctions: Sealing the Extracellular Space 447
11.11 Gap Junctions and Plasmodesmata: Mediating Intercellular Communication 449
11.12 Cell Walls 453
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 455
The Role of Cell Adhesion in Inflammation and Metastasis 455
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 457
The Role of Gap Junctions in Intercellular Communication 457
12 Cellular Organelles and Membrane Trafficking 463
12.1 An Overview of the Endomembrane System 464
12.2 A Few Approaches to the Study of Endomembranes 466
12.3 The Endoplasmic Reticulum 472
12.4 Functions of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 473
12.5 Membrane Biosynthesis in the Endoplasmic Reticulum 477
12.6 Glycosylation in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 479
12.7 Mechanisms That Ensure the Destruction of Misfolded Proteins 481
12.8 ER to Golgi Vesicular Transport 482
12.9 The Golgi Complex 482
12.10 Types of Vesicle Transport and Their Functions 487
12.11 Beyond the Golgi Complex: Sorting Proteins at the TGN 491
12.12 Targeting Vesicles to a Particular Compartment 493
12.13 Exocytosis 496
12.14 Lysosomes 496
12.15 Plant Cell Vacuoles 498
12.16 Endocytosis 498
12.17 The Endocytic Pathway 502
12.18 Phagocytosis 505
12.19 Posttranslational Uptake of Proteins by Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts 505
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 508
Disorders Resulting from Defects in Lysosomal Function 508
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 510
Receptor]Mediated Endocytosis 510
13 The Cytoskeleton 517
13.1 Overview of the Major Functions of the Cytoskeleton 518
13.2 Microtubules: Structure and Function 520
13.3 Motor Proteins: Kinesins and Dyneins 524
13.4 Microtubule]Organizing Centers (MTOCs) 527
13.5 Microtubule Dynamics 530
13.6 Cilia and Flagella: Structure and Function 534
13.7 Intermediate Filaments 541
13.8 Microfilaments 544
13.9 Myosin: The Molecular Motor of Actin Filaments 547
13.10 Muscle Contractility 552
13.11 Nonmuscle Motility 557
13.12 Cellular Motility 560
13.13 Actin]Dependent Processes During Development 564
13.14 The Bacterial Cytoskeleton 567
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 568
The Role of Cilia in Development and Disease 568
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 569
I. The Step Size of Kinesin 569
II. Studying Actin]Based Motility without Cells 571
14 Cell Division 578
14.1 The Cell Cycle 579
14.2 Regulation of the Cell Cycle 581
14.3 Control of the Cell Cycle: The Role of Protein Kinases 582
14.4 Control of the Cell Cycle: Checkpoints, Cdk Inhibitors, and Cellular Responses 586
14.5 M Phase: Mitosis and Cytokinesis 588
14.6 Prophase 588
14.7 Prometaphase 594
14.8 Metaphase 596
14.9 Anaphase 598
14.10 Telophase and Cytokinesis 603
14.11 Meiosis 608
14.12 The Stages of Meiosis 610
14.13 Genetic Recombination during Meiosis 613
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 615
Meiotic Nondisjunction and Its Consequences 615
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 616
The Discovery and Characterization of MPF 616
15 Cell Signaling Pathways 624
15.1 The Basic Elements of Cell Signaling Systems 625
15.2 A Survey of Extracellular Messengers and their Receptors 628
15.3 Signal Transduction by G Protein]Coupled Receptors 629
15.4 Second Messengers 632
15.5 The Specificity of G Protein]Coupled Responses 636
15.6 Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels 636
15.7 The Role of GPCRs in Sensory Perception 640
15.8 Protein]Tyrosine Phosphorylation as a Mechanism for Signal Transduction 641
15.9 The Ras]MAP Kinase Pathway 645
15.10 Signaling by the Insulin Receptor 648
15.11 Signaling Pathways in Plants 651
15.12 The Role of Calcium as an Intracellular Messenger 651
15.13 Convergence, Divergence, and Cross]Talk among Different Signaling Pathways 655
15.14 The Role of NO as an Intercellular Messenger 657
15.15 Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 659
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 663
Disorders Associated with G Protein]Coupled Receptors 663
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 665
The Discovery and Characterization of GTP]Binding Proteins 665
16 Cancer 673
16.1 Basic Properties of a Cancer Cell 674
16.2 The Causes of Cancer 677
16.3 The Genetics of Cancer 678
16.4 An Overview of Tumor]Suppressor Genes and Oncogenes 680
16.5 Tumor]Suppressor Genes: The RB Gene 681
16.6 Tumor]Suppressor Genes: The TP53 Gene 684
16.7 Other Tumor]Suppressor Genes 687
16.8 Oncogenes 688
16.9 The Mutator Phenotype: Mutant Genes Involved in DNA Repair 691
16.10 MicroRNAs: A New Player in the Genetics of Cancer 691
16.11 The Cancer Genome 691
16.12 Gene]Expression Analysis 694
16.13 Strategies for Combating Cancer 696
16.14 Immunotherapy 696
16.15 Inhibiting the Activity of Cancer]Promoting Proteins 698
16.16 The Concept of a Cancer Stem Cell 701
16.17 Inhibiting the Formation of New Blood Vessels (Angiogenesis) 701
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 702
The Discovery of Oncogenes 702
17 Immunity 709
17.1 An Overview of the Immune Response 710
17.2 The Clonal Selection Theory as It Applies to B Cells 714
17.3 Vaccination 715
17.4 T Lymphocytes: Activation and Mechanism of Action 717
17.5 The Modular Structure of Antibodies 720
17.6 DNA Rearrangements That Produce Genes Encoding B] and T]Cell Antigen Receptors 723
17.7 Membrane]Bound Antigen Receptor Complexes 725
17.8 The Major Histocompatibility Complex 726
17.9 Distinguishing Self from Nonself 730
17.10 Lymphocytes Are Activated by Cell]Surface Signals 731
17.11 Signal Transduction Pathways in Lymphocyte Activation 732
THE HUMAN PERSPECTIVE 733
Autoimmune Diseases 733
EXPERIMENTAL PATHWAYS 736
The Role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Antigen Presentation 736
18 Techniques in Cell and Molecular Biology 742
18.1 The Light Microscope 743
18.2 Bright]Field and Phase]Contrast Microscopy 745
18.3 Fluorescence Microscopy (and Related Fluorescence]Based Techniques) 746
18.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 752
18.5 Specimen Preparation for Electron Microscopy 753
18.6 Scanning Electron Microscopy 757
18.7 Atomic Force Microscopy 758
18.8 The Use of Radioisotopes 759
18.9 Cell Culture 760
18.10 The Fractionation of a Cell's Contents by Differential Centrifugation 762
18.11 Purification and Characterization of Proteins by Liquid Column Chromatography 762
18.12 Determining Protein–Protein Interactions 764
18.13 Characterization of Proteins by
18.14 Characterization of Proteins by Spectrometry 767
18.15 Characterization of Proteins by Mass Spectrometry 767
18.16 Determining the Structure of Proteins and Multisubunit Complexes 768
18.17 Fractionation of Nucleic Acids 770
18.18 Nucleic Acid Hybridization 773
18.19 Chemical Synthesis of DNA 774
18.20 Recombinant DNA Technology 774
18.21 Enzymatic Amplification of DNA by PCR 778
18.22 DNA Sequencing 780
18.23 DNA Libraries 782
18.24 DNA Transfer into Eukaryotic Cells and Mammalian Embryos 783
18.25 Gene Editing and Silencing 786
18.26 The Use of Antibodies 789
Karp’s Cell Biology, Global Edition continues to build on its strength at connecting key concepts to the experiments that reveal how we know what we know in the world of Cell Biology. This classic text explores core concepts in considerable depth, often adding experimental detail. It is written in an inviting style to assist students in handling the plethora of details encountered in the Cell Biology course. In this edition, two new co-authors take the helm and help to expand upon the hallmark strengths of the book, improving the student learning experience.
9781119454175
Cytology.
571.6 / IWA