TABLE OF CONTENTS
Intro; Contents; Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. Historical Background of Carbohydrate Utilization and Chemistry; 2.1. The Era Before the 1800s; 2.2. The Time After the 1700s; 3. Isomerism; 3.1. General; 3.2. Constitutional Isomerism; 3.3. Basic Factors Influencing the Three-dimensional Compound Structures; 3.4. Stereoisomerism; 3.5. Racemic Modifications; 3.6. Conformational Isomerism; 3.7. Geometric Isomerism; 4. Representation of Open-chain Chiral Molecules as Planar Formulas; 4.1. The Fischer Projection; 4.2. The Total Number of Stereoisomers; 5. Configuration; 5.1. Fundamental Definitions. 5.2. Relative and Absolute Configuration6. Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides; 6.1. Mutarotation; 6.2. Planar Formulas; 6.3. Naming of Conformations; 7. Naming of Monosaccharides; 7.1. Aldoses; 7.2. Ketoses; 7.3. Cyclic Forms; 8. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis; 8.1. Photosynthesis; 8.2. Polysaccharides; 9. Natural Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives; 9.1. Monosaccharides; 9.1.1. Aldose monosaccharides; 9.1.2. Ketose monosaccharides; 9.2. Monosaccharide Derivatives; 9.2.1. Anhydrosugars; 9.2.2. Deoxy sugars; 9.2.3. Diols and polyalcohols; 9.2.4. Deoxy alditols. 9.2.5. Other polyalcohols and their derivatives9.2.6. Cycloalcohols; 9.2.7. Oxidation products
introduction; 9.2.8. Aldonic acids and lactones; 9.2.9. Hydroxy monocarboxylic acids and their derivatives; 9.2.10. Hydroxy polycarboxylic acids and their derivatives; 9.2.11. Ketoaldonic acids; 9.2.12. Uronic acids; 9.2.13. Nitrogen compounds; 9.2.14. Other monosaccharide derivatives; 9.2.15. Furans and their derivatives; 9.3. Oligosaccharides and Their Derivatives; 9.3.1. Disaccharides; 9.3.2. Other oligosaccharides; 9.3.3. Deoxy disaccharides; 9.3.4. Disaccharide alcohols. 9.3.5. Disaccharide uronic acids9.3.6. Disaccharide nitrogen derivatives; 9.4. Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives; 9.4.1. Cellulose and its derivatives; 9.4.2. Cellulose esters; 9.4.3. Cellulose ethers; 9.4.4. Other cellulose products; 9.4.5. Other polysaccharides; 10. Carbohydrate Residue-containing Substance Groups; 10.1. Glycosides; 10.1.1. Cardiac glycosides; 10.1.2. Cyanogenic glycosides; 10.1.3. Glucosinolates; 10.1.4. Other glycosides; 10.2. Nucleic Acids; 10.3. Vitamins; 10.4. Antibiotics; 10.4.1. Aminoglycosides; 10.4.2. Macrolides; 10.4.3. Lincomycins; 10.4.4. Other antibiotics. 10.5. Other Substance Groups10.5.1. Hormones; 10.5.2. Alkaloids; 11. Characteristic Reactions of Carbohydrates; 11.1. Monosaccharides; 11.2. Polysaccharides; 12. Utilization of Biomass; 12.1. General Aspects; 12.2. Production of Chemicals; 12.3. Production of Bio fuels; 12.3.1. Fischer-Tropsch process; 12.3.2. Pyrolysis; 12.3.3. Anaerobic digestion; 12.3.4. Production of bioenergy; 12.4. Chemical Delignification; 12.4.1. Kraft pulping; 12.4.2. Sulfite pulping; 12.4.3. Non-wood pulping; 12.5. Integrated Biorefineries; 12.5.1. Alkaline pre-treatments; 12.5.2. Acidic pre-treatments