Includes bibliographies and indexes.

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
The Authors
Table of Contents
Chapter 9 Factors Affecting Seed Transmission
I. Crop Species
II. Environment
A. Moisture
B. Temperature
C. Wind-Blown Rain
D. Light
III. Inoculum
A. Minimum Effective Level of Inoculum for Seed Transmission and Establishment in Seedlings or Plants
B. Inoculum Location
C. Type of Inoculum
IV. Survival of Inoculum
V. Cultural Practices
A. Soil Type
B. Soil Reaction
C. Seeding Rate
D. Depth of Sowing
E. Sowing Time
F. Fertilizers
VI. Seed Abnormalities
VII. Seed Germination
A. Epigeal (or Epigeous)
B. Hypogeal (or Hypogeous)
VIII. Seed Leachates
IX. Presence of other Microflora
References
Chapter 10 Epiphytology of Seedborne Diseases
I. Introduction
II. Classification of Seedborne Diseases Based on Epiphytology
A. Monocyclic or Simple-Interest Diseases
B. Compound-Interest or Polycyclic Diseases
References
Chapter 11 Nonparasitic Seed Disorders
I. Genetic Effects
II. Mechanical Injuries
III. Environmental Effects
A. Temperature
B. Humidity
IV. Mineral Deficiencies
V. Insect Damage
References
Chapter 12 Detection of Seedborne Pathogens
I. Major Objectives of Seed Health Testing
II. Choosing Seed Health Testing Methods
III. Testing Methods for Seedborne Fungi
A. Examination of Dry Seeds
1. Seed Discoloration
2. Morphological Abnormalities
3. Mixed Fungal Fruiting Structures
4. Observations Using a Bright-Field Microscope
5. Observing Seeds Under Near-Ultraviolet Light (NUV)
B. Examination after Softening or Soaking Seeds
C. Seed-Washing Test
D. Incubation Methods
1. Blotter Method
2. Agar-Plate Method
a. Fusarium culmorum
b. F. moniliforme
c. Phoma betae
d. A. triticina
e. D. oryzae and Pyricularia oryzae
3. Blotter vs. Agar-Plate Method
4. Factors Affecting Results of Various Incubation Methods
a. Sampling
b. Physical Condition of the Seed
c. Storage of Seed
d. Incubation Containers
e. Incubation Media
f. Light
g. Temperatur
h. Humidity
i. Pretreatment
j. Length of Incubation Period
k. Amount and Type of Inoculum
l. Interfungal and Fungal-Bacterial Interactions
E. Seedling-Symptom Test
1. Rolled Paper Towel Test
2. Blotter Test
3. Agar Test in Test Tubes
4. Soil Tests
F. Fluorescence Method
G. Histopathological Tests
H. Embryo-Count Method
I. NaOH Seed-Soak Method
IV. Testing Methods for Seedborne Bacteria
A. Visual Observations of Dry Seeds
B. Isolation on Agar Media
C. Seedling Symptomatology Test
D. Infectivity Test
E. Serology
F. Phage-Plague Method
V. Testing Methods for Seedborne Viruses
A. Examination of Dry Seeds
1. Discoloration
2. Reduced Seed Size
3. Shriveled and Wrinkled Seeds
B. Biological Tests
1. Growing-On Test
2. Infectivity or Indicator-Inoculation Test
C. Biochemical Tests
1. Serology
a. Microprecipitin Test
b. Gel-Diffusion Tests
c. Agglutination Tests
d. Labeled Antibodies
e. Immunofluorescence Microscopy Test
f. Radioisotope-Labeled Antibody
g. ELISA
h. Serologically Specific Electron Microscopy (SSEM)
i. Solid-Phase Radioimmunoassay
2. Staining Techniques
D. Biophysical Tests
E. Contact Radiography with X-Rays
VI. Testing Methods for Seedborne Nematodes
A. Examination of Dry Seeds
B. Examination of Water on Soaking Seeds
C. Fenwick’s Small Culture Cells
D. Extraction of Nematodes from Plant Pieces and Soil Clods
References
Chapter 13 Deterioration of Grains by Storage Fungi
I. Field and Storage Fungi
II. Invasion by Storage Fungi
III. Losses
A. Decrease in Germinability
B. Discoloration and Shrinkage of the Grains
C. Heating
D. Spoilage in Nutritive Value
1. Increase in Fatty Acid Value (FAV)
2. Biochemical Changes in Nutritional Value
E. Production of Toxins
IV. Conditions Favoring Storage Fungi Development
A. Moisture Content
B. Temperature
C. Physical Damage of the Seed
D. Degree of Seed Infestation/Invasion Prior to Storage
E. Admixtures with the Seed
F. Length of Storage
G. Insect and Mite Infestation
V. Detection of Damage
A. Grain Condition
B. Isolation of Fungi
C. Observation Under UV Light
D. Measurement of Gases
E. Determination of FAV
F. Moldy Smell
G. Collection of Seed Exudates
VI. Control
A. Avoiding Damage to Seeds during Harvesting, Processing, and Threshing
B. Storage Conditions
C. Reducing Seed Moisture to Safe Limits
D. Seed Treatment
References
Chapter 14 Control of Seedborne Pathogens
I. Introduction
II. Selection of Seed Production Areas
III. Crop Management
A. High-Quality Seed
B. Seeding Rate
C. Planting Time
D. Burning
E. Balanced Fertility
F. Planting Method
G. Spacing
H. Depth of Planting
I. Water Management
J. Crop Rotation
K. Isolation Distances
L. Roguing
M. Foliar Fungicide Sprays
1. Soybean
2. Wheat
3. Maize
4. Rice
5. Sorghum
6. Brassica spp.
7. Bean
8. Pigeonpea
9. Okra
N. Insect Control
O. Weed Control
P. Harvesting
IV. Seed Treatment
A. Biological Control
1. Testing Antagonists for Seed Treatment
B. Chemical Method
1. Formulations
2. Categories of Chemical Seed Treatment
a. Seed Disinfection
b. Seed Disinfestation
c. Seed Protection
3. Method of Treatment
4. Application
5. General Guidelines for Seed Treatment
a. Use of a Good Seed-Treatment Chemical
b. Objectives of Seed Treatment
c. Selective Seed Treatment
d. Dosage
e. Method of Application
f. Combination of a Systemic and a Nonsystemic Fungicide
g. Location and Amount of Inoculum
h. Resistance to Chemicals
i. Phytotoxicity
j. Combination of Seed Treatment and Foliar Spray
k. National Laws
l. Seed Coloration
m. Use of Nonaqueous and Aqueous Solvents for the Infusion of Fungicides in Seeds
n. Seed Treatment and Rhizobium Inoculum
6. How to Avoid Damage to Rhizobium Inoculum
C. Mechanical Method
D. Physical Methods
1. Hot-Water Treatment
2. Hot Air Treatment
3. Solar Heat Treatment
4. Aerated Steam Treatment
5. Radiation
6. Factors Which Govern Heat Therapy
7. Application
8. Limitations of Thermotherapy
V. Certification
A. Setting Certification Standards
1. Relative Role of Seedborne Infection in Disease Development
2. Perpetuation of the Seedborne Inoculum by Other Means
3. Factors Affecting Seed Transmission
4. Economic Loss Due to Seedborne Pathogens
5. Planting Area
6. Influence of Seed Treatment on Seedborne Infection
7. Seed Processing Procedures
VI. Plant Quarantine
A. National and International Regulations
1. Plant Quarantine in the U.S.
a. Plant Quarantine in the U.S.
b. Organic Act of 1944
c. Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957
2. Plant Quarantine in the U.K.
3. Plant Quarantine in India
4. Plant Quarantine in Kenya
B. Basic Principle of Plant Quarantine
C. Problems in Plant Quarantines
D. Organisms of Quarantine Significance
E. Plant Quarantine Measures
1. Import Control — Regulations of the Importing Country
a. Embargoes
b. Inspection of Seed Lots
c. Postentry Quarantine
d. Seed Treatment
2. Export Control — Regulations of the Exporting Country
a. Field Inspection of Field Crop
b. Inspection of Seed Lot
c. Seed Treatment
d. Phytosanitary Certificate
3. Intermediate Quarantine
F. Guidelines for Import of Germplasm 348, 349
VII. Disease Resistance
Reference
Index

This Book was written to serve those interested in seed pathology. It is designed to serve as a textbook as well as a reference book for students, teachers, and researchers, and for seed health testing, seed production, and plant quarantine personnel. It is to be used as a guide to the literature. Much of the illustrative material has come from the authors' files used for teaching or from their own research. Teachers will want to supplement this book with examples from their own experience and research ot with information and data from other seed pathology programs. The authors hope that this book, in addition to being of value to seed and plant pathologists, will be useful to agriculturalists interested in crop production. It was written in part to stimulate research in seed pathology and its importance to the role of seedborne inoculum in the epidemiology and control of plant diseases.