Includes bibliographical references and index.

List of Figures and Tables -- List of Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 The Research Question and This Publication's Approach -- 2 The Significance of the Coordinated Framework Proposed in This Publication -- 3 Limitations of This Publication -- 4 The Roadmap for This Publication -- Part 1 -- Conceptual and Instituional Approaches to Culture -- 1 Concept of Culture -- 1 Introduction: an Ontology of Culture -- 2 Difficulty in Defining Culture -- 3 Background - Broad Concept of Culture in Sociology -- 3.1 Anthropological Elements -- 3.2 Moral Elements -- 4 Background - Concept of Culture in unesco -- 5 Bringing 'Culture' into the Trade Domain -- 5.1 Critics - Confusingly Undefined or Ill-Defined Culture-Related Terminologies -- 5.2 Cultural Diversity and Cultural Identity -- 5.3 Is All Culture the Same? - Categorizations of Culture for the Debate on Trade and Culture - Is Literature Talking about the Same Thing? -- 6 A Working Scope of Cultural Products in the Debate on Trade and Culture - Spectrum of Cultural Products -- 6.1 Definition of Cultural Products -- 6.2 How to Measure Cultural Components in Cultural Products? -- 6.3 The 2009  unesco  Framework for Cultural Statistics -- 6.4 Observations and Critiques on the 2009  unesco  Framework for Cultural Statistics -- 6.5 Spectrum of Cultural Products -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- 2 Treatment of Culture in  unesco  -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The History and Functioning of unesco -- 3 Overview of Culture-Related Standard Setting and Terminology in unesco -- 4 unesco Standard Setting Instruments for Removing Trade Barriers to Cultural Goods -- 5 2005 unesco Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions -- 5.1 Laying the Foundations for the 2005  unesco  Convention -- 5.2 unesco  Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity -- 5.3 Preparation Phase for the 2005  unesco  Convention -- 5.4 Terminologies of the 2005  unesco  Convention and Their Trade Implications -- 5.5 The Objectives of the 2005  unesco  Convention -- 6 Debatable Features of the 2005 unesco Convention in Relation to Trade -- 6.1 Article 6 and Article 2.1 of the 2005  unesco  Convention: Policy Space -- 6.2 Article 20 of the 2005  unesco  Convention: Mutual Supportive, Complementary and Non-subordinate? -- 6.3 Article 16 of the 2005  unesco  Convention: Facilitation of Cultural Exchanges with Developing Countries -- 6.4 Article 17 of the 2005  unesco  Convention: Co-operation in Situation of Serious Threat to Cultural Expressions -- 7 Comparison with the 1972 unesco World Heritage Convention -- 8 Concluding Remarks -- Part 2 -- Interaction between Culture and Trade at Domestic, Multilateral, and Preferential Scales -- 3 Current Situation of Domestic Cultural Policies That Bear Trade Implications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Economic Rationales for Government Interventions in Cultural Products -- 2.1 Economies of Scale in Producing Cultural Products That Lead to Homogenization of Culture -- 2.2 Externalities Argument - Existence of Consumption Externalities? -- 2.3 Public Goods Argument - Are All Cultural Products Public Goods? -- 2.4 Option Goods, Merit Goods -- 3 Overview of Tariffs in Cultural Products -- 4 Overview of Non-tariff Measures in Cultural Products by Key wto Members -- 4.1 European Union -- 4.1.1 Television without Frontier Directive and Audiovisual Media Services Directive -- 4.1.2 State Aid - Communication on Certain Legal Aspects Relating to Cinematographic and Other Audiovisual Works -- 4.2 Canada -- 4.2.1 Broadcasting Act -- 4.2.2 Television Broadcasting Regulations 1987 -- 4.2.3 Investment Canada Act -- 4.3 China -- 4.3.1 Revenue-Sharing with Joint Ventures, and Annual Quotas in Film Imports -- 4.3.2 Designated Importers of Movies -- 4.3.3 Content Examination -- 4.3.4 Quantitative Time Requirement for Domestic Movies -- 4.3.5 Tax Incentives -- 4.4 India -- 4.4.1 Higher Entertainment Tax on Foreign Films -- 4.4.2 Tax Incentives -- 4.5 Korea -- 4.5.1 Screen Quota System -- 4.5.2 Import Licensing -- 4.6 US -- 4.6.1 Communication Act of 1934 -- 4.6.2 US Congressional Activities -- 4.6.3 Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1935 -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- 4 General Treatment of Culture in the Multilateral Trading System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 wto Law Perspectives -- 2.1 Overview of the  wto  Legal Provisions and Culture-Related Legal Provisions in the  wto  -- 2.1.1 Overview of the wto Legal Provisions -- 2.1.2 Culture-Related Provisions in the wto -- 2.2 Culture-Specific Provisions in the  wto  -- 2.2.1 gatt Article iv on Special Provisions Relating to Cinematograph Films -- 2.2.2 gatt xx (f) on Protection of National Treasures of Artistic, Historic or Archaeological Value -- 2.3 Goods or Services? - Became an Irrelevant Question? -- 3 Relation between the wto Laws and the unesco Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expression -- 3.1 Applicability of the  unesco  Convention to  wto  Jurisprudence -- 3.2 wto  China-Audiovisual Case and the  unesco  Convention -- 4 wto Negotiations Perspectives -- 4.1 Audiovisual Services -- 4.1.1 wto Members' Positions -- 4.1.2 Advancing Technology and Classification Issues in Audiovisual Services -- 4.1.3 Subsidies for Audiovisual Services -- 4.2 Traditional Knowledge and Folklore -- 5 wto Administration Perspectives - Governance and Surveillance Instrument for Trade and Culture in the wto -- 5.1 Current Situation -- 5.2 Utilizing Existing Mechanisms -- 5.3 Co-operation with Other Culture-Related Multilateral Institutions (E.g.  unesco ) -- 6 wto Accessions Perspectives - Cultural Concerns during the wto Accession Process -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- 5 General Treatment of Culture in the Preferential Trade System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview on pta  s Regarding Cultural Products -- 2.1 Setting the Tone on Cultural Products in  pta  s -  nafta  Model -- 2.2 Canadian Model -- 2.3 US Model -- 2.3.1 Negative List Approach -- 2.3.2 Emphasis on Digital Products -- 2.3.3 Unchanged Exclusion of Subsidies -- 2.4 EU Model -- 2.4.1 General Exclusion of Audiovisual Services -- 2.4.2 Protocol on Cultural Cooperation in pta  s Tied to the 2005 unesco Convention -- 2.4.3 Relatively Liberal Approach in Recreation, Cultural and Sporting Services -- 2.4.4 Standard Inclusion of Possibility of Prohibition or Restriction on Imports, Exports or Goods in Transition on the Grounds of Public Morality or the Protection of National Treasures -- 2.4.5 Specificities in Individual EU pta  s -- 2.5 Chinese Model - First Steps towards Long-Term Engagement -- 2.6 New Zealand Creative Art Model -- 3 Overview on Investment Treaties and Protection of Culture -- 3.1 Southern Pacific Properties (Middle East) Limited v. Arab Republic Egypt -- 3.2 Parkerings v.

Lithuania -- 3.3 Relevance of the  icsid  Legal Approach for the  wto  Cases -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- Part 3 -- Coordination between Culture and Trade -- 6 Ways Forward for Culture and International Trade Law From Conflict to Coordination -- 1 Analytical Recapitulation of Previous Chapters -- 1.1 Conceptualization of 'Culture-Ness' in Cultural Products -- 1.2 Institutional Challenge of  unesco  -- 1.3 Striving for Efficacy of the National Cultural Interventions -- 1.4 Institutional Capability of  wto  on Cultural Issues -- 2 Specific Suggestions for Ways Forwards: Presenting Options -- 2.1 Dispute Settlement Approach -- 2.1.1 Classic - Dispute Settlement in the wto -- 2.1.2 Fresh Complement - Informal International Lawmaking -- 2.2 Non-dispute Settlement Approach -- 2.2.1 Monitoring -- 2.2.2 Negotiations -- 2.2.3 Institutional Coordination -- 2.3 Plurilateral Agreement on Cultural Products -- 2.3.1 Dispute Settlement in a Plurilateral Agreement on Trade and Culture -- 2.4 Innovative Approach in  pta  s -- 2.4.1 Regional Option 1 - apec -- 2.4.2 Regional Option 2 - Council of Europe -- 2.4.3 New Era of the Discussion on Trade and Culture? - The eu-us pta -- Conclusions -- Index.

How can policies on trade and culture be coordinated in such a way that both are enabled to flourish? This book makes the argument for moving from viewing trade and culture as "in conflict" to assessing the two fields in coordination -at the domestic, regional and international levels. Juneyoung Lee makes the case for a preference for negotiations and monitoring, as opposed to legalized dispute settlement. Informal law-making processes and preferential trade agreements are also addressed.

English