Understanding morphology /
Haspelmath, Martin, 1963-
Understanding morphology / by Martin Haspelmath, Andrea D. Sims. - 2nd ed. - London : Hodder Education, 2010. - xvi, 366 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. - Understanding language series . - Understanding language series. .
Previous ed.: London : Arnold, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. [301]-317) and index.
Cover Page
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface to the 2nd edition
Preface to the 1st edition
Glossary
1 Introduction
1.1 What is morphology?
1.2 Morphology in different languages
1.3 The goals of morphological research
1.4 A brief user's guide to this book
Summary of Chapter 1
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
2 Basic concepts
2.1 Lexemes and word-forms
2.2 Affixes, bases and roots
2.3 Morphemes and allomorphs
Summary of Chapter 2
Appendix. Morpheme-by-morpheme glosses
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
3 Rules
3.1 Morphological patterns
3.1.1 Affixation and compounding
3.1.2 Base modification
3.1.3 Reduplication
3.1.4 Conversion
3.1.5 Outside the realm of morphology
3.2 Two approaches to morphological rules
3.2.1 The morpheme-based model
3.2.2 The word-based model
Summary of Chapter 3
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
4 Lexicon
4.1 A morpheme lexicon?
4.2 A strict word-form lexicon?
704.3 Reconciling word-forms and morphemes
Summary of Chapter 4
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
5 Inflection and derivation
5.1 Inflectional values
5.2 Derivational meanings
5.2.1 Derived nouns
5.2.2 Derived verbs
5.2.3 Derived adjectives
5.3 Properties of in flection and derivation
5.3.1 Relevance to the syntax
5.3.2 Obligatoriness
5.3.3 Limitations on application
5.3.4 Same concept as base
5.3.5 Abstractness
5.3.6 Meaning compositionality
5.3.7 Position relative to base
5.3.8 Base allomorphy
5.3.9 Word-class change
5.3.10 Cumulative expression
5.3.11 Iteration
5.4 Dichotomy or continuum?
5.4.1 Inherent and contextual in flection
5.5 In flection, derivation and the syntax-morphology interface
5.5.1 The dichotomy approach and split morphology
5.5.2 The continuum approach and single-component architecture
Summary of Chapter 5
Appendix. Notation conventions for in flectional values
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
6 Productivity
6.1 Speakers' knowledge of productivity
6.2 Productivity, creativity and gradience
6.3 Restrictions on word-formation rules
6.3.1 Phonological restrictions
6.3.2 Semantic restrictions
6.3.3 Pragmatic restrictions
6.3.4 Morphological restrictions
6.3.5 Borrowed vocabulary strata
6.4 Productivity and the lexicon
6.4.1 Processing restrictions
6.4.2 Synonymy blocking
6.4.3 Productivity and analogy
6.5 Measuring productivity
Summary of Chapter 6
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
7 Morphological trees
7.1 Compounding types
7.2 Hierarchical structure in compounds
7.3 Hierarchical structure in derived lexemes
7.4 Parallels between syntax and morphology?
Summary of Chapter 7
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
8 Inflectional paradigms
8.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in morphology
8.2 Inflection classes
8.2.1 In flection class assignment
8.2.2 Relationship to gender
8.2.3 In flection classes and productivity
8.3 Paradigmatic relations and in flection class shift
8.4 Inheritance hierarchies
8.5 Stems and Priscianic formation
8.6 Syncretism
8.6.1 Systematic versus accidental in flectional homonymy
8.6.2 Underspecification
8.6.3 Rules of referral
8.7 More form-meaning mismatches
8.7.1 Defectiveness
8.7.2 Deponency
8.8 Periphrasis
Summary of Chapter 8
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
9 Words and phrases
9.1 Compounds versus phrases
9.2 Free forms versus bound forms
9.3 Clitics versus affixes
9.4 Lexical integrity
Summary of Chapter 9
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
10 Morphophonology
10.1 Two types of alternations
10.2 The productivity of morphophonological alternations
10.3 The diachrony of morphophonological alternations
10.4 Morphophonology as phonology
10.5 Morphophonology as morphology
Summary of Chapter 10
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
11 Morphology and valence
11.1 Valence-changing operations
11.1.1 Semantic valence and syntactic valence (argument structure and function structure)
11.1.2 Agent-backgrounding operations
11.1.3 Patient-backgrounding operations
11.1.4 Agent-adding operations: causatives
11.1.5 Object-creating operations: applicatives
11.1.6 General properties of valence-changing operations
11.2 Valence in compounding
11.2.1 Noun incorporation
11.2.2 V–V compound verbs
11.2.3 Synthetic nominal compounds
11.3 Transpositional derivation
11.3.1 Transposition and argument inheritance
11.3.2 Action nouns (V → N)
11.3.3 Agent nouns (V → N) and deverbal adjectives (V→A)
11.3.4 Deadjectival transposition (A → N, A → V)
11.4 Transpositional in flection
Summary of Chapter 11
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
12 Frequency effects in morphology
12.1 Asymmetries in in flectional values
12.1.1 Frequent and rare values
12.1.2 The correlation between frequency and shortness
12.1.3 The correlation between frequency and differentiation
12.1.4 Local frequency reversals
12.1.5 Explaining the correlations
12.2 The direction of analogical levelling
12.3 Frequency and irregularity
Summary of Chapter 12
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
Key to comprehension exercises
References
Glossary of technical terms
Language index
Subject index
This new edition of Understanding Morphology has been fully revised in line with the latest research. It now includes 'big picture' questions to highlight central themes in morphology, as well as research exercises for each chapter. Understanding Morphology presents an introduction to the study of word structure that starts at the very beginning. Assuming no knowledge of the field of morphology on the part of the reader, the book presents a broad range of morphological phenomena from a wide variety of languages. Starting with the core areas of inflection and derivation, the book presents the interfaces between morphology and syntax and between morphology and phonology. The synchronic study of word structure is covered, as are the phenomena of diachronic change, such as analogy and grammaticalization. Theories are presented clearly in accessible language with the main purpose of shedding light on the data, rather than as a goal in themselves. The authors consistently draw on the best research available, thus utilizing and discussing both functionalist and generative theoretical approaches. Each chapter includes a summary, suggestions for further reading, and exercises. As such this is the ideal book for both beginning students of linguistics, or anyone in a related discipline looking for a first introduction to morphology.
9780340950012 (pbk.) 9781032031200 (pbk.)
Grammar, Comparative and general--Morphology.
415.9 / HAS
Understanding morphology / by Martin Haspelmath, Andrea D. Sims. - 2nd ed. - London : Hodder Education, 2010. - xvi, 366 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. - Understanding language series . - Understanding language series. .
Previous ed.: London : Arnold, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. [301]-317) and index.
Cover Page
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface to the 2nd edition
Preface to the 1st edition
Glossary
1 Introduction
1.1 What is morphology?
1.2 Morphology in different languages
1.3 The goals of morphological research
1.4 A brief user's guide to this book
Summary of Chapter 1
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
2 Basic concepts
2.1 Lexemes and word-forms
2.2 Affixes, bases and roots
2.3 Morphemes and allomorphs
Summary of Chapter 2
Appendix. Morpheme-by-morpheme glosses
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
3 Rules
3.1 Morphological patterns
3.1.1 Affixation and compounding
3.1.2 Base modification
3.1.3 Reduplication
3.1.4 Conversion
3.1.5 Outside the realm of morphology
3.2 Two approaches to morphological rules
3.2.1 The morpheme-based model
3.2.2 The word-based model
Summary of Chapter 3
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
4 Lexicon
4.1 A morpheme lexicon?
4.2 A strict word-form lexicon?
704.3 Reconciling word-forms and morphemes
Summary of Chapter 4
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
5 Inflection and derivation
5.1 Inflectional values
5.2 Derivational meanings
5.2.1 Derived nouns
5.2.2 Derived verbs
5.2.3 Derived adjectives
5.3 Properties of in flection and derivation
5.3.1 Relevance to the syntax
5.3.2 Obligatoriness
5.3.3 Limitations on application
5.3.4 Same concept as base
5.3.5 Abstractness
5.3.6 Meaning compositionality
5.3.7 Position relative to base
5.3.8 Base allomorphy
5.3.9 Word-class change
5.3.10 Cumulative expression
5.3.11 Iteration
5.4 Dichotomy or continuum?
5.4.1 Inherent and contextual in flection
5.5 In flection, derivation and the syntax-morphology interface
5.5.1 The dichotomy approach and split morphology
5.5.2 The continuum approach and single-component architecture
Summary of Chapter 5
Appendix. Notation conventions for in flectional values
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
6 Productivity
6.1 Speakers' knowledge of productivity
6.2 Productivity, creativity and gradience
6.3 Restrictions on word-formation rules
6.3.1 Phonological restrictions
6.3.2 Semantic restrictions
6.3.3 Pragmatic restrictions
6.3.4 Morphological restrictions
6.3.5 Borrowed vocabulary strata
6.4 Productivity and the lexicon
6.4.1 Processing restrictions
6.4.2 Synonymy blocking
6.4.3 Productivity and analogy
6.5 Measuring productivity
Summary of Chapter 6
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
7 Morphological trees
7.1 Compounding types
7.2 Hierarchical structure in compounds
7.3 Hierarchical structure in derived lexemes
7.4 Parallels between syntax and morphology?
Summary of Chapter 7
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
8 Inflectional paradigms
8.1 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in morphology
8.2 Inflection classes
8.2.1 In flection class assignment
8.2.2 Relationship to gender
8.2.3 In flection classes and productivity
8.3 Paradigmatic relations and in flection class shift
8.4 Inheritance hierarchies
8.5 Stems and Priscianic formation
8.6 Syncretism
8.6.1 Systematic versus accidental in flectional homonymy
8.6.2 Underspecification
8.6.3 Rules of referral
8.7 More form-meaning mismatches
8.7.1 Defectiveness
8.7.2 Deponency
8.8 Periphrasis
Summary of Chapter 8
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
9 Words and phrases
9.1 Compounds versus phrases
9.2 Free forms versus bound forms
9.3 Clitics versus affixes
9.4 Lexical integrity
Summary of Chapter 9
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
10 Morphophonology
10.1 Two types of alternations
10.2 The productivity of morphophonological alternations
10.3 The diachrony of morphophonological alternations
10.4 Morphophonology as phonology
10.5 Morphophonology as morphology
Summary of Chapter 10
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
11 Morphology and valence
11.1 Valence-changing operations
11.1.1 Semantic valence and syntactic valence (argument structure and function structure)
11.1.2 Agent-backgrounding operations
11.1.3 Patient-backgrounding operations
11.1.4 Agent-adding operations: causatives
11.1.5 Object-creating operations: applicatives
11.1.6 General properties of valence-changing operations
11.2 Valence in compounding
11.2.1 Noun incorporation
11.2.2 V–V compound verbs
11.2.3 Synthetic nominal compounds
11.3 Transpositional derivation
11.3.1 Transposition and argument inheritance
11.3.2 Action nouns (V → N)
11.3.3 Agent nouns (V → N) and deverbal adjectives (V→A)
11.3.4 Deadjectival transposition (A → N, A → V)
11.4 Transpositional in flection
Summary of Chapter 11
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
12 Frequency effects in morphology
12.1 Asymmetries in in flectional values
12.1.1 Frequent and rare values
12.1.2 The correlation between frequency and shortness
12.1.3 The correlation between frequency and differentiation
12.1.4 Local frequency reversals
12.1.5 Explaining the correlations
12.2 The direction of analogical levelling
12.3 Frequency and irregularity
Summary of Chapter 12
Further reading
Comprehension exercises
Exploratory exercise
Key to comprehension exercises
References
Glossary of technical terms
Language index
Subject index
This new edition of Understanding Morphology has been fully revised in line with the latest research. It now includes 'big picture' questions to highlight central themes in morphology, as well as research exercises for each chapter. Understanding Morphology presents an introduction to the study of word structure that starts at the very beginning. Assuming no knowledge of the field of morphology on the part of the reader, the book presents a broad range of morphological phenomena from a wide variety of languages. Starting with the core areas of inflection and derivation, the book presents the interfaces between morphology and syntax and between morphology and phonology. The synchronic study of word structure is covered, as are the phenomena of diachronic change, such as analogy and grammaticalization. Theories are presented clearly in accessible language with the main purpose of shedding light on the data, rather than as a goal in themselves. The authors consistently draw on the best research available, thus utilizing and discussing both functionalist and generative theoretical approaches. Each chapter includes a summary, suggestions for further reading, and exercises. As such this is the ideal book for both beginning students of linguistics, or anyone in a related discipline looking for a first introduction to morphology.
9780340950012 (pbk.) 9781032031200 (pbk.)
Grammar, Comparative and general--Morphology.
415.9 / HAS