Plants and vegetation origins, processes, consequences Paul A. Keddy.

Half-title
Title
Copyright
Epigraph
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Plants and the origin of the biosphere
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Energy flow and photosynthesis
1.3 Membranes
1.4 Eukaryotic cells
1.5 The origin of photosynthesis
1.6 The oxygen revolution
1.6.1 Changes in ocean chemistry
1.6.2 Changes in the composition of the atmosphere
1.6.3 Formation of the ozone layer
1.7 The Cambrian explosion of multicellular life
1.8 Colonizing the land
1.9 Plants and climate
1.10 Sediment and ice cores: reconstructing past climates
1.11 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 2 Description of vegetation: the search for global patterns
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Phylogenetic perspectives
2.2.1 Early plant classification: Linnaeus, Bentham, Hooker
2.2.2 The discovery of evolution: Wallace, Darwin, Bessey
2.2.3 Molecular systematics and phylogeny
2.2.4 The two largest families of plants: Asteraceae and Orchidaceae
2.2.5 World floristic regions: phylogeny and geography
2.2.6 Summary and limitations
2.3 Functional perspectives
2.3.1 von Humboldt, Raunkiaer, Küchler
2.3.2 The classification of climate
2.3.3 Limitations
2.4 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 3 Resources
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 The CHNOPS perspective
3.1.2 The costs of acquisition
3.2 Carbon dioxide: foraging in an atmospheric reservoir
3.3 Light and photosynthesis: harvesting photons
3.3.1 Three measures of photon harvest
3.3.2 Architecture and photon harvesting
3.3.3 Different photosynthetic types
3.3.4 An exception to the rule: root uptake of CO2
3.3.5 Another view of photosynthetic types
3.3.6 The overriding importance of height
3.3.7 Ecosystem effects: net primary production changes with plant size
3.4 Below-ground resources
3.4.1 Water
3.4.2 Mineral nutrients: a single cell perspective
3.4.3 Phosphorus
3.4.4 Nitrogen
3.4.5 Experimental tests for nitrogen and phosphorus limitation
3.4.6 Other sources of evidence for nutrient limitation
3.5 Changing availability of resources in space and time
3.5.1 Small scale heterogeneity
3.5.2 Resource gradients
3.5.3 Resources in transitory patches
3.6 Resources as a habitat template for plant populations
3.7 Resource fluctuations complicate short-term ecological studies
3.8 Chronic scarcity of resources and conservation
3.8.1 Limitation by scarce resources
Epiphytes
Succulents
Carnivorous plants
Parasites
3.8.2 Conservation of scarce resources
3.9 Soils
3.10 Two historical digressions
3.11 Humans and soil resources
3.12 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 4 Stress
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Definitions
4.1.2 More on terminology
4.2 Some general consequences of stress
4.2.1 Short-term effects: stress has metabolic costs
Grasses along a resource gradient
Wetland plants along a resource gradient
4.2.2 The costs of adaptation to stress
4.2.3 Growth rate
4.2.4 Seed size
4.2.5 Clonal integration
1. The Aphid-rotifer model
2. The strawberry-coral model
3. The elm-oyster model
4.3 Habitats with drought as the predominant stress
4.3.1 Deserts
4.3.2 Mediterranean shrublands
4.3.3 Rock barrens
4.3.4 Coniferous forests
4.4 Unavailability of resources
4.5 Presence of a regulator
4.5.1 Salinity
4.5.2 Cold environments: arctic and alpine examples
4.5.3 Early spring photosynthesis in temperate climates
4.6 Extreme cases of stress tolerance
4.6.1 Cold and drought tolerance of lichens
4.6.2 Endolithic communities
4.6.3 Flood tolerance
4.7 The smoking hills: a natural occurrence of stress from air pollution
4.8 Effects of ionizing radiation upon mixed forest
4.9 Moisture and temperature at different scales
4.10 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 5 Competition
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The importance of competition
5.1.2 Definition of competition
5.1.3 Stress, strain, and the costs of competition
5.2 Kinds of competition
5.2.1 Intraspecific competition
5.2.2 Distinguishing between intraspecific and interspecific competition
5.2.3 Competition intensity
5.2.4 Competitive effect and competitive response
5.2.5 Competitive dominance
5.3 More examples of competition
5.3.1 Self-thinning
5.3.2 Dominance patterns in monocultures
5.3.3 Density dependence in annual plants
5.3.4 The relationship between intensity and asymmetry of competition
5.4 Competitive hierarchies
5.4.1 Establishing hierarchies
5.4.2 The consistency of hierarchies
5.4.3 Light and shoot size
5.4.4 Foraging for patches of light or soil nutrients
5.5 Mycorrhizae and competition
5.6 Competition gradients
5.6.1 Measuring competition intensity
5.6.2 Competition intensity gradients in an old field
5.6.3 Competition and cacti
5.6.4 Competition intensity along a soil depth gradient
5.6.5 Competition intensity gradients in wetlands
5.6.6 Competition along an altitudinal gradient
5.7 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 6 Disturbance
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Four properties of disturbance
6.2.1 Duration
6.2.2 Intensity
6.2.3 Frequency
6.2.4 Area
6.3 Examples of disturbance
6.3.1 Fire
6.3.2 Erosion
6.3.3 Animals
Beaver ponds
Alligator holes
6.3.4 Burial
6.3.5 Ice
6.3.6 Waves
6.3.7 Storms
6.4 Catastrophes: low frequency and high intensity
6.4.1 Landslides
6.4.2 Volcanic eruptions
6.4.3 Meteor impacts
6.5 Measuring the effects of disturbance
6.5.1 The Hubbard Brook study of forested watersheds
6.5.2 Ottawa River marshes
6.6 Disturbance and gap dynamics
6.6.1 Regeneration from buried seeds after disturbance
6.6.2 Gap regeneration in deciduous forests
6.6.3 Alluvial deposition
6.6.4 Freshwater marshes
6.7 Synthesis: fire, flooding, and sea level in the Everglades
6.8 Competition, disturbance, and stress: the CSR synthesis
6.9 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 7 Herbivory
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Field observations on wildlife diets
7.2.1 Herbivores in African grasslands
7.2.2 Herbivorous insects in tropical forest canopies
7.2.3 Giant tortoises on islands
7.2.4 Herbivory in anthropogenic landscapes
7.3 Plant defenses
7.3.1 Evolutionary context
7.3.2 Structures that protect seeds: strobili and squirrels
7.3.3 Secondary metabolites that protect foliage
7.3.4 Two cautions when interpreting anti-herbivore traits
7.3.5 Food quality and nitrogen content
7.3.6 Coevolutiona brief preview
7.4 Field experiments
7.4.1 Herbivorous insects in deciduous forest canopies
7.4.2 Land crabs in tropical forest
7.4.3 Herbivores in grassland: the Cape Province, the Pampas, and the Serengeti
7.4.4 Effects of rhinoceroses in tropical floodplain forest
7.4.5 Large mammals in deciduous forest
7.4.6 Effects of an introduced species: nutria
7.5 Empirical relationships
7.6 Some theoretical context
7.6.1 Top-down or bottom-up?
7.6.2 Effects of selective herbivory on plant diversity
7.6.3 A simple model of herbivory
7.6.4 Extensions of herbivory models
7.7 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 8 Positive interactions: mutualism, commensalism, and symbiosis
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Definitions
8.1.2 History
8.2 Positive interactions between plants and plants
8.2.1 Nurse plants
8.2.2 Stress gradients and competition
8.2.3 More cases of co-operation
8.2.4 Summary
8.3 Positive interactions between fungi and plants
8.3.1 Ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae
8.3.2 Ectomycorrhizae and forests
8.3.3 Mycorrhizae in wetlands
8.3.4 Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal associations
8.3.5 Lichens
8.4 Positive interactions between plants and animals
8.4.1 Animals and flowers
Mutual benefits of pollination
Pollination ecology founded by Sprengel and Darwin
Fly pollination: parasitism or mutualism?
8.4.2 Animals and seed dispersal
Cakile edentula
Tapirs
Bats and fruits
Myrmecochory
Rodents and mast
Quantitative studies of the fates of seeds
Coevolution of Sideroxylon and the dodo: a cautionary tale
8.4.3 The costs of sexual reproduction
8.4.4 Experimental tests of the value of sexuality
Are there measurable advantages to out-crossing?
Are pollinators efficient?
Life without sex
How many seeds will a plant produce? And why?
8.4.5 Animals defending plants
8.4.6 Microbes in animal guts
The degradation of cellulose by micro-organisms
Foregut fermentation, including ruminants
Hindgut fermentation
8.5 Mathematical models of mutualism
8.5.1 Population dynamics models
8.5.2 Cost-benefit models
8.6 Mutualism and apparent competition
8.7 Conclusion
1. The search for nature nuggets
2. The confusion between mutualism and divine order
3. The failure to measure
Further reading
Chapter 9 Time
9.1 Introduction
9.2 >106 years: the origin of the angiosperms and continental drift
9.2.1 Temperate evergreen forests
9.2.2 Deserts
9.2.3 Tropical floras
9.3 >104 years: the Pleistocene glaciations
9.3.1 Erosion and deposition by glacial ice
9.3.2 Loess
9.3.3 Pluvial lakes
9.3.4 Drought and tropical forests
9.3.5 Sea level decrease
9.3.6 Migration
9.3.7 Hominids
9.3.8 Flooding
9.4 >102 years: Plant glaciations
9.4.1 Succession
9.4.2 Examples of succession
Succession after the retreat of glaciers: deglaciated valleys
Succession in peat bogs
Succession on sand dunes
Succession and fire in coniferous forests
Succession, fire and vital traits in Tasmanian rain forests
9.4.3 Predictive models for plant succession
9.4.4 Synthesis
9.5 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 10 Gradients and plant communities: description at local scales
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Describing pattern along obvious natural gradients
10.3 Multivariate methods for pattern detection
10.3.1 The data matrix
10.3.2 Measuring similarity
Presence/absence data
Abundance data
10.3.3 Ordination techniques
10.3.4 Ordinations based upon species data
10.3.5 Ordinations combining species and environmental data
10.3.6 Functional simplification in ordination
10.4 Vegetation classification
10.4.1 Phytosociology
10.4.2 Classification and land management
10.5 Gradients and communities
10.5.1 Clements and Gleason
10.5.2 The temporary victory of the Gleasonian view
10.5.3 Null models and patterns along gradients
10.6 Empirical studies of pattern along gradients
10.7 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 11 Diversity
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Large areas have more plant species
11.3 Areas with more kinds of habitat have more species
11.4 Equatorial areas have more species
11.5 Some evolutionary context
11.5.1 Four key events
11.5.2 Some characteristics of angiosperms
11.5.3 Physiological constraints on diversity are likely additive
11.6 Examples of plant species diversity
11.6.1 Mediterranean climate regions
11.6.2 Carnivorous plants
11.6.3 Deciduous forests
11.6.4 Diversity, biogeography, and the concept of endemism
11.7 Models to describe species diversity at smaller scales
11.7.1 Intermediate biomass
11.7.2 Competitive hierarchies
11.7.3 Intermediate disturbance
11.7.4 Centrifugal organization
11.8 Relative abundance – dominance, diversity, and evenness
11.9 Laboratory experiments on richness and diversity
11.10 Field experiments on richness and diversity
11.11 Implications for conservation
11.12 Conclusion
Further reading
Chapter 12 Conservation and management
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Some historical context
12.2.1 Ancient Assyria
12.2.2 Deforestation in Ancient Rome and the Mediterranean
12.3 Vegetation types at risk
12.3.1 The destruction of Louisiana’s alluvial forests
Humans and the Louisiana environment
Sugar cane and cotton
Cypress swamps
12.3.2 Islands: Easter Island and the Galapagos
12.3.3 Boreal forests
12.4 Protection of representative vegetation types
12.4.1 Designing reserve systems
12.4.2 Hot spots of biological diversity
12.4.3 Primary forests
12.4.4 Large wetlands
12.4.5 New discoveries of species in the Guyana highlands
12.4.6 Economic growth, human welfare, and wilderness
12.5 Fragmentation of natural landscapes
12.5.1 Fens in agricultural landscapes
12.5.2 Deciduous forests in agricultural landscapes
12.5.3 How much is enough?
12.6 Function, management, and thresholds
12.6.1 Two perspectives
12.6.2 Plant communities are dynamic
12.6.3 Ecological footprints for human cities
12.6.4 Thresholds
12.7 Restoration
12.8 Indicators
12.9 Conclusion
Further reading
Questions for review
25 review questions, final exam questions, or assignments
References
Index

Includes bibliographical references (p. [612]-666) and index.